i had previously smoked & then moved to a vape. The study was well powered and found that the mean birthweight of babies born to mothers who vaped (n = 218) in the last trimester of their pregnancy was very similar (within 1 g) to those born to nonsmoking mothers who neither smoked or vaped (n = 108; 3470 555 g and 3471 504 g respectively; p = .97) and was significantly higher than that birthweight of babies born to mothers who smoked (n = 99; 3166 504 g; p < .001) (Supplementary Table 3). I was just being honest about my personal experience and having a positive outcome but obviously I dont know the real risks and things but my midwife isnt concerned :). Carmel J (19) 03/03/2018 at 2:20 pm. A Cochrane review of pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy concluded that there was insufficient evidence to determine whether NRT had a positive or negative impact on rates of miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, low birthweight, admissions of babies to neonatal intensive care, or neonatal deaths or whether this affected mean birthweights among infants.9 However, in one trial in which children of women who smoked but who had sought cessation help and were followed until 2 years of age reported that those born to women who had been randomized to NRT (compared with placebo) were more likely to have healthy development21 possibly due to reduced smoking. This content does not have an English version. It is possible that someone could receive a higher nicotine dose with e-cigarettes compared to traditional cigarettes. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Try a 0 nicotine vape (which will also help you to quit) or quit. The Author(s) 2021. Learn more about, Twins & Multiples: Your Tentative Time Table. Babies of smoking mothers on average have lower lung function at birth and later in life. Also, because of the paucity of literature in this area, it was only possible to present a narrative review and not a meta-analysis of the data. Only one study exists to see if the use of e-cigarettes by fathers or sperm donors could increase risks to a pregnancy. One study was from Ireland.47 Two studies analyzed online forums are not restricted to a specific country.48,49, Eight studies reported cross-sectional survey data,27,28,34,3638,41,46 and two studies reported longitudinal survey data.35,42 Six studies reporting survey data used samples that were representative of the US population or individual US states.3437,41,42 Additionally, one article reported quantitative data from cross-sectional interviews.40, One prospective cohort study collected data from pregnant women who vaped and compared birth outcomes with pregnant women who smoked, who used vaping products and cigarettes (dual use), or who used neither vaping products nor cigarettes.47 Two articles reported data from a single cohort study of women and babies during and after pregnancy.29,31, Two studies used data from randomized controlled trials, one was a secondary analysis of baseline data from a trial of NRT for smoking cessation in pregnancy,39 and the other was a secondary analysis of data from a trial of a text message smoking cessation intervention in pregnancy.30, Four studies reported qualitative interview or focus group data,32,33,43,44 and a further three studies conducted qualitative content analyses of online forums.45,48,49, Eight studies recruited women who were pregnant, who were recently pregnant or planning a pregnancy, and who currently or recently smoked.27,30,32,33,39,43,44,46 Five studies included women who were pregnant or had recently been pregnant regardless of smoking status.28,34,36,38,43 Four used data from representative US surveys that collected information on smoking, vaping, and pregnancy.35,37,41,42 One study purposively recruited equal numbers of pregnant smokers and nonsmokers.40 Two studies reported data from a single cohort study of pregnant women that tried to recruit equal numbers of smokers, vapers, and nonsmokers.29,31 One study recruited pregnant women who vaped and compared them with groups of pregnant women who smoked and who did not smoke.47, One study analyzed data from smoking cessation services on staff and on pregnant women who accessed those services.46 The three studies of online forum posts analyzed publicly available online discussions about pregnancy but did not confirm pregnancy or smoking status of people posting on those websites.45,48,49, Four studies with low,37,41 and moderate,34,36 risk of bias, all from the United States, were included in this analysis34,36,37,41 (Table 1). One of my coworkers vaped her whole pregnancy and baby is fine. Share this article Headaches during pregnancy: What's the best treatment? One study also looked at lung development in the baby and found that e-cigarette use during pregnancy might be associated with a change to the babys lungs. Studies have not been done to see if e-cigarettes increase the chance for birth defects. The vaping related illnesses are associated with vaping THC products that have thickeners added. I do have cravings for a real cig maybe once a week or so I just try to keep myself busy until it passes, I stopping hitting by juul a few weeks after I found out I was pregnant but have been so stressed and caved in to buy another with 3mg juice. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 807. Does the use of e-cigarettes in pregnancy increase the chance of other pregnancy related problems? For the health of you and your baby, it is best to quit. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Group Leaders communicate with staff moderators and escalate potential violations for review, but they dont moderate discussions. National survey, Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH). The US National Academies of Sciences (NASEM) summarized several animal studies that reported adverse effects from in-utero nicotine delivery on lung development and postnatal lung function and behavior. More research is needed to develop an evidence base in this area. Dr Leonie Brose is a Senior Lecturer in the Nicotine Research Group, in the Addictions Department at the IoPPN, Kings College London. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. Additionally, if you're pregnant or planning to become pregnant, the COVID-19 vaccine is recommended. People smoke or eat weed for its effects on the body. Vaping can be effective for smoking cessation in nonpregnant populations. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Has anyone vaped a little bit, once in awhile during pregnancy? Vaping prevalence was similar to estimates of vaping prevalence in the US population of 3.2%,50 although estimates and definitions of current vaping vary across studies. Kapaya M, et al. No, it's not safe to vape while pregnant. Animal studies have shown that use of e-cigarettes that have nicotine during pregnancy can cause poor growth in the developing baby. One study found that the health outcomes from vaping in pregnancy may be less severe than those from smoking. Professor McNeill is a NIHR Senior Investigator. @charlenerayne u are right there it is completely impossible to give up xx. A systematic review on the reproductive outcomes from vaping in pregnancy published in 201922 found no studies on this subject, commenting that animal studies indicated a potential for nicotine from vaping to induce birth defects and to alter birth weight. Note that once you confirm, this action cannot be undone. This sheet is about exposure to e-cigarettes in pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Your baby could be born with low birth weight, and may need to be kept in the NICU. what are things you can do to lower risks? There are only a few studies that look at e-cigarette use while pregnant. McDonnell and colleagues defined current vaping as those who self-reported current vaping. Curious how the baby is doing? You can do it! Receiving the Tdap vaccine during pregnancy helps protect your newborn from whooping cough (pertussis). Not to say that vaping is fine at all. Medications and More during pregnancy and breastfeeding. There is, however, the potential for vaping products to reduce the negative health outcomes associated with smoking. This content does not have an Arabic version. Among people who vape during pregnancy, what patterns of use are identified? National survey, National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Titles and abstracts were screened by one reviewer with a second author analyzing a subsection for accuracy. Available Solutions for Prenatal Nutrition from Mayo Clinic Store, Book: Mayo Clinic Guide to a Healthy Pregnancy. Dr Debbie Robson is a Senior Research Fellow in the Nicotine Research Group in the Addictions Department at the IoPPN, Kings College London. The prevalence of vaping among pregnant women in the studies reviewed here (all of which were based in the United States) was between 1.2% and 7.0%. This educational content is not medical or diagnostic advice. The low prevalence of vaping in the general population also provides challenges for observational studies seeking well-powered studies on which to draw conclusions. The present review sought to systematically review evidence on vaping in pregnancy, to answer five review questions: What is the prevalence of vaping during pregnancy and postpartum? A Group Owner is a member that has initiated the creation of a group to connect with other members to share their journey through the same pregnancy & baby stages. i had previously smoked & then moved to a vape. These studies also found that that blood flow to the baby was decreased when e-cigarettes that have nicotine were used. While we sometimes have information about individual ingredients, we often do not have information on the effect of those ingredients in combination. Ratings for each study are included in Results for each outcome. Quitting can be tough, especially if the habit has become an addiction. I just took the battery out of the vape and hid it away from plan view. I'm 5w4d today, I'm newly diagnosed adhd, life long anxiety and a suspicion for autism. Im only a couple weeks along but just finished a pack of Juul (non-flavored) pods and am dying to buy another but should probably just quit. Shes just had the usual virals and coughs and cold any other child gets :) x, if you can stop then obviously do, I just know I would never cope. We strive to provide you with a high quality community experience. E-mail: Search for other works by this author on: Smoking and the young: a report of a working party of the Royal College of Physicians, Effect of antenatal exposure to maternal smoking on behavioural problems and academic achievement in childhood: prospective evidence from a Dutch birth cohort, Maternal smoking during pregnancy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in offspring, Environmental tobacco smoke and fetal health: systematic review and meta-analysis, Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy, Contribution of smoking during pregnancy to inequalities in stillbirth and infant death in Scotland 19942003: retrospective population based study using hospital maternity records, Smoking patterns and use of cessation interventions during pregnancy, Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy, Association between nicotine replacement therapy use in pregnancy and smoking cessation, Changes in the rate of nicotine metabolism across pregnancy: a longitudinal study, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes, The availability of electronic cigarettes in US retail outlets, 2012: results of two national studies. 4. Midwife hasnt been concerned either time x, shes perfectly healthy, doesnt have any breathing issues, she has nothing wrong with her at all! Tobacco and nicotine cessation during pregnancy. But quitting is worth it for your health and your baby's health. Find advice, support and good company (and some stuff just for fun). I feel bad but Im proud of myself for trying to quit. CBD Oil: Is It Safe to Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding? I ate sour hard candies when the urge hit. In a longitudinal survey of women who became pregnant between survey waves, 81% of women who vaped before becoming pregnant quit vaping and 53% of women who smoked before becoming pregnant quit smoking.35 The study did not test whether vaping was associated with smoking cessation or reduction (Supplementary Table 2). E-cigarettes are known by many different names. It is not clear how these different ingredients can impact the pregnancy or the baby. I for the most part quick vaping when I found out I was pregnant because I was going through a tank a day of juice(I had a fairly large tank). Most electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) contain nicotine, which permanently damages a baby's developing brain and many other organs. The pods associated with the illnesses are also sold off the black market, not by legit businesses. Ideally, the vaccine should be given between 27 and 36 weeks of pregnancy. The use of electronic cigarettes in pregnancy: A review of the literature. Unlike my previous two pregnancies I am struggling at the moment to stop smoking. Twenty-three studies were identified: 11 survey, 7 qualitative, 3 cohort, and 2 secondary analyses of randomized clinical trials. 5. Artificial flavorings might also be added. This can, in part, be attributed to the difficulty of studying new interventions in pregnant populations; and in part due to the relatively new availability of vaping products. Vaping was defined as any use by Kapaya and colleagues and Hawkins and colleagues34,41 and as vaping some days or every day by Kurti and colleagues and Liu and colleagues.36,37, Prevalence of Vaping During Pregnancy and Postpartum, aAssessment of bias completed using Hoy.24. Professor Ann McNeill is Professor of Tobacco Addiction at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London. Four studies35,38,39,42 reported information on smoking cessation but did not assess associations between vaping and changes in smoking behavior. Twelve studies reported patterns of use, but findings were inconsistent. DR is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration South London (NIHR ARC South London) at Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. Hsu R, Myers AE, Ribisl KM, Marteau TM. No comparisons are available for exclusive vapers. We conducted a systematic review of vaping in pregnancy, covering prevalence, patterns of use, reasons for use, smoking cessation, and health effects. Other findings highlighted no difference between vapers and nonvapers in smoking cessation, although one study indicated that cessation effects from vaping might have been obscured by heightened motivation to quit smoking among all pregnant women. The quantitative studies were assessed using the NewcastleOttawa scale; four were poor quality and three were good quality (Supplementary Table 2). A Contributorship Form detailing each authors specific involvement with this content, as well as any supplementary data, are available online at https://academic.oup.com/ntr. What to Expect supports Group Black and its mission to increase greater diversity in media voices and media ownership. I vaped so much I would cough or have a very dry mouth. Vaping during pregnancy could harm a developing fetus. Whittington JR, et al. Dr Brose has received funding from CRUK and Heart Research UK and has no links with any tobacco or vaping product manufacturers. I'm 6 weeks and quitting is so hard, everything was great, he came at 37 weeks exactly and is a happy, healthy 17 month old Im pregnant again, due next month still vaping. was published in EClinicalMedicine at 00:01 UK time on Friday 16 October 2020. Expectant mothers should be treated with kindness, understanding and respect. The high voltage vapes produce formaldehyde if the voltage is high enough. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press. Group Owners uphold the core values of the brand by reporting content that violates the community guidelines. Talk with your healthcare provider about your thoughts on quitting. Professor McNeill leads the Nicotine Research Group in the Addictions Department, IoPPN and receives funding for projects from a variety of funders such as Cancer Research UK (CRUK) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) and has no links with any tobacco or vaping product manufacturers. The systematic review protocol was preregistered with PROSPERO on 3 June 2019 and can be found here https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=136150. Among all pregnant women in clinic samples, daily use was reported at 0.6% in one study38 and at 3% in another.27 A large cross-sectional US survey reported that 66.5% of women who vaped in the last trimester of pregnancy did so once a day or more41 and 10.4% used vaping products on 26 days per week.41 In a cohort study, 20.8% of participants vaped on 10 or more days per month, 29.2% vaped between three and nine times per month, and 50% vaped once or twice per month.29 One qualitative study reported that, of 29 women attending smoking cessation services, one had vaped every day in the last 30 days, and three said they vaped occasionally.46. Aug 30, 2021 at 4:20 AM. Copyright 2023 Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. A Group Owner is a member that has initiated the creation of a group to connect with other members to share their journey through the same pregnancy & baby stages. Please specify a reason for deleting this reply from the community. Smoking during pregnancy can be harmful to your baby both before and after birth which is why many groups, including the AMA, AAP and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), which represents American OB-GYNs, urge moms to avoid lighting up at all during pregnancy. McNeill A, Brose LS, Calder R, Bauld L, Robson D. Hartmann-Boyce J, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Begh R, Stead LF, Hajek P. McNeill A, Brose L, Calder R, Bauld L, Robson D. Hickson C, Lewis S, Campbell KA, et al. As common reasons for vaping in pregnancy are to stop smoking, prevent a return to smoking, and reduce harms, the apparent uncertainty around the harms or risks of vaping in pregnancy is likely to deter use. That being said, vaping is even worse than cigarettes. During the one month check-up, the study reported more irritability in infants of individuals who used e-cigarettes while pregnant compared to those who did not smoke. My OBGYN knows that I vape and she hasnt said anything about it. A Group Leader is a What to Expect community member who has been selected by our staff to help maintain a positive, supportive tone within a group. It's well known that smoking cigarettes during pregnancy can harm women and their babies. They are sometimes called e-cigs, e-hookahs, mods, vape pens, vapes, tank systems, and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Using e-cigarettes is sometimes referred to as vaping.. I feel guilty but Im only hitting it when I absolutely feel like I need it. A qualitative analysis of risk perception within existing threads in online discussion forums, Is it safe to vape? However, pregnancy comes with some physical restrictions and social changes that mothers endure. Have you ever read about nicotine gum? She is a Director of the SPECTRUM consortium and holds the CRUK/BUPA Chair in Behavioural Research for Cancer Prevention at CRUK. Your post will be hidden and deleted by moderators. to a control group' by Suzanne Froggatt et al. Are E-Cigarettes and Vaping Safe While Pregnant? All the research says vaping is just as bad as smoking while pregnant. I went for my anatomy scan this morning and let that doctor know I vape also and he said nothing about it either. The researchers analyzed data on approximately 80,000 mothers from the 2016-18 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, or PRAMS, a CDC-coordinated project that collects information nationwide on maternal experiences before, during and shortly after pregnancy. Youll hear I do it and Ive done it stories but thats not the facts. Sure a glass would probably be fine but you dont know so you dont risk it. The solutions in e-cigarettes can include chemicals such as nicotine, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, diacetyl, and/or glycerol; and heavy metals such as nickel, tin, and/or lead. Professor McNeill is a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator. Last post: 14/07/2021 at 4:07 am. Studies have shown COVID-19 vaccines don't pose any serious risks . Accessed March 18, 2021. Five academic databases were searched on 17 February 2020. Use of this site is subject to our terms of use and privacy policy. I cut down from 6mg to 2mg which is pretty good tho. Fallin A, Miller A, Assef S, Ashford K. Kapaya M, DAngelo DV, Tong VT, et al. A Report Commissioned by Public Health England, Vaping in England: An Evidence Update Including Mental Health and Pregnancy, March 2020, Comparison of nicotine exposure during pregnancy when smoking and abstinent with nicotine replacement therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Smoking: Stopping in Pregnancy and After Childbirth, Smoking, Nicotine and Pregnancy Trial Team, The SNAP trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial of nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy clinical effectiveness and safety until 2 years after delivery, with economic evaluation, The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems during pregnancy and the reproductive outcomes: a systematic review of the literature, A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales, Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement, Critical evaluation of the NewcastleOttawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses, Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups, E-cigarette use and perceived harm among women of childbearing age who reported tobacco use during the past year, Use and risk perception of electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco in pregnancy, Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) by pregnant women I: risk of small-for-gestational-age birth, E-cigarettes and smoking cessation: a prospective study of a national sample of pregnant smokers, Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems by pregnant women II: hair biomarkers for exposures to nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines, Perceptions of emerging tobacco products and nicotine replacement therapy among pregnant women and women planning a pregnancy, Perceptions of electronic cigarettes among Medicaid-eligible pregnant and postpartum women, Use of electronic vapor products before, during, and after pregnancy among women with a recent live birth Oklahoma and Texas, 2015, Examining the relationship between pregnancy and quitting use of tobacco products in a U.S. national sample of women of reproductive age, Tobacco and nicotine delivery product use in a national sample of pregnant women, National estimates of e-cigarette use among pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age in the United States, 20142017, Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of electronic cigarette use among pregnant women, Correlates of electronic cigarettes use before and during pregnancy, Flavored electronic cigarette use, preferences, and perceptions in pregnant mothers: a correspondence analysis approach, Use of ENDS and cigarettes during pregnancy, Impact of electronic nicotine delivery systems and other respondent characteristics on tobacco use transitions among a U.S. national sample of women of reproductive age, A qualitative assessment of the perceived risks of electronic cigarette and hookah use in pregnancy, Views on and experiences of electronic cigarettes: a qualitative study of women who are pregnant or have recently given birth, Safety of electronic cigarette use during breastfeeding: qualitative study using online forum discussions, Survey of smoking cessation services and pregnant womens views on use of electronic cigarettes in pregnancy, Electronic cigarettes and obstetric outcomes: a prospective observational study, Perceived threats, benefits and barriers of e-cigarette use during pregnancy. How did everything turn out with your baby? When I found out were expecting in December, I cut back vaping but I hate to admit I didnt cold turkey like I did before. Ten qualitative studies of poor,27,38,46 fair,29,31 and good30,34,36,39,41 quality reported patterns of vaping among pregnant women. The data reviewed here are insufficient to draw any firm conclusions for practice or policy. If you feel a message or content violates these standards and would like to request its removal please submit the following information and our moderating team will respond shortly. Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy: Prevention tips. Ill add that every part of my pregnancy thus far is right on track and everything looks fine. If you're pregnant and you smoke or vape, quitting is the best way to give your baby a healthy start. Please select a reason for escalating this post to the WTE moderators: Connect with our community members by starting a discussion. The lower blood flow might be the reason for the poor growth in the developing baby. We strive to provide you with a high quality community experience. Cannabis and Cannabis-derived products . Interrater agreement between authors was measured using Cohens kappa.23 Two authors completed full-text screening with differences discussed and resolved with a third author. In England, for example, vaping products have been the most commonly used smoking cessation aid in the general population since 2013 and more commonly used than nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) prescribed by a doctor or bought over-the-counter from a shop, varenicline, or behavioral support.16 A recent Cochrane review (that did not focus on pregnant smokers) found that there was moderate certainty that vaping products containing nicotine improved quit rates compared with non-nicotine vaping products and with NRT.17 There is an increasing scientific consensus that, although not risk free, vaping is substantially less harmful than smoking.12,16,18. Studies have shown that infant heart rate and blood pressure changes have been associated with increased nicotine concentrations in milk. Articles were included where they were peer-reviewed and reported data on prevalence, patterns of use, reasons for use, cessation effects, or health effects of vaping in pregnancy. Included studies were assessed for bias or quality. 2018; doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000595. If you are pregnant or want to have a baby, it's important to kick these habits for good. The educational health content on What To Expect is reviewed by our medical review board and team of experts to be up-to-date and in line with the latest evidence-based medical information and accepted health guidelines, including the medically reviewed What to Expect books by Heidi Murkoff. If you feel a message or content violates these standards and would like to request its removal please submit the following information and our moderating team will respond shortly. Group Leaders communicate with staff moderators and escalate potential violations for review, but they dont moderate discussions. Smoking during pregnancy also . It was hard, but not having the temptation around helped. 3mg nicotine. Use of this site is subject to our terms of use and privacy policy. Titles and abstracts were screened by one author with a subsection screened by a second author. Group Owners uphold the core values of the brand by reporting content that violates the community guidelines. H there I have vapes for years im 20 weeks pregnant and still vaping I have 6mg are there any other mums out there still vaping my midwife said it's fine I no there will be a lot of people against just wondering if anyone else is still vaping x Reply 2 Similar Discussions Found 16 Comments Newest First Oldest First Violation Reported https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Tobacco-Alcohol-Drugs-and-Pregnancy. 619.368.3259 The Centers for Disease Control has also issued a warning that pregnant women should not vape. My boyfriend doesnt know I vape so Im really scared hes going to find out I vape every once in awhile i want to tell my doctor just when hes not around butI use disposable vapes so once there gone I stop and go a little and get another one I dont get the ones wit a lot of hits so again I was just wondering if they would be able to tell ? The Danger of Vaping Around Babies and Kids. ((exp electronic cigarette/) OR (e-cig*) OR (electronic cig*) OR (ENDS AND Nicotine) OR (electronic nicotine delivery system*) OR ((Nicotine) AND (Vaping* OR Vape* OR Vaporiz* OR Vaporis* OR Vapouris*))) AND((exp pregnancy/ OR exp pregnancy complications/ OR exp maternal health services/ OR exp fetus/ OR exp fetal therapies/ OR exp fetal monitoring/ OR exp perinatal care/ OR exp labor pain OR exp analegsia, obstetrical/ OR exp obstetric surgical procedures/ OR exp infant, newborn/ OR exp postpartum period/ OR exp breast feeding/ OR exp prenatal diagnosis/ OR exp obstetrics/ OR exp prenatal education/)) OR ((breast-feeding education OR parturition OR ante natal OR antenatal* OR pre natal* OR prenatal* OR puerper* OR postnatal* OR postpartum OR post partum OR post natal* OR peripartum OR peri partum OR prepregnancy OR pre pregnancy OR preconception* OR pre conception* OR periconception* OR peri conception* OR ((preterm OR premature) and (labor OR labour)) OR eclamp* OR preeclamp* OR pre eclamp* OR amniocentes* OR chorion* vill* OR breastfe* OR breast fe* OR lactation* OR cesarean OR caesarean OR cesarian OR caesarian OR cesarien OR caesarien OR newborn* OR new born* OR tocoly* OR fetal OR foetal OR fetus OR foetus OR miscarriage* OR pregnancy OR pregnancies OR pregnant).ti,ab,kf.).

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