In a highly structured task, the procedures required to perform the task successfully are known, whereas in an unstructured task, there is uncertainty about how to proceed. The term "race," used infrequently before the 1500s, was used to identify groups of people with a kinship or group connection. It is especially associated with cotton production in the Deep South. Enslaved people who cultivated rice worked under a task system that gave them more control over the pace of labor. Their male and female owners, including immediate family members, relatives and friends (and even the casual stranger) regarded enslaved people as their legal property to use at their leisure. The gang system is a system of division of labor within slavery on a plantation. There were various forms and conditions of forced labor for enslaved Africans and their descendants. How Slavery Affected African American Families, Beyond the Written Document: Looking for Africa in African American Culture, "Somewhere" in the Nadir of African American History, 1890-1920, Racial Uplift Ideology in the Era of "The Negro Problem", The Trickster in African American Literature, The New Negro and the Black Image: From Booker T. Washington to Alain Locke, The Image of Africa in the Literature of the Harlem Renaissance, Jazz and the African American Literature Tradition, Yet plantation labor was not always and everywhere the same, the slaves quest for some control over their lives. Lowell Mills: An Early Factory in Massachusetts. Of course, perceptive students might realize that getting slaves to buy into the system, to conspire in their own enslavement, was an even more subversive feature of slavery than the physical coercion it entailed. There was a complex division of labor needed to operate a sugar plantation. (1850) by Sidney & Neff. At the earliest stage of plantation development slaves, even common laborers, worked in a traditional fashion, with each being responsible for a multitude of tasks under relatively little supervision. One consequence of the Second World War was a post-war discrediting of racism and a rejection of the assumption that black people enslaved on American plantations were innately inferior. Other laborers were employed on sailing craft in inland waters and on the river systems that formed critical commercial links to the American interior. Compared to field slaves, they faced distinct difficulties and dangers. They might do all of these things in the South as well but plantation slavery was a southern institution and slave labor there was more important and lasting than in the North. Fugitive slaves: generally understood that the North Star led to freedom. Some even worked on slave ships. The spread of cotton growth demanded labor slave labor. Which of the following statements is accurate about the work done by southern slaves? Rice plantations in Carolina, for example, never adopted a gang system of labor. The task system is a system of labor under slavery characteristic in the Americas. There is the additional caution that most people probably do not think much about their customs at all. Where did the task labor system originate from? Despite being forbidden by law to marry, many slaves were able to create a family life on the plantation. A: CRISPRs were first discovered in archaea (and later in bacteria) by Francisco Mojica, a scientist at the University of Alicante in Spain. What is a Pidgin? In the nineteenth century, which product was the world's major crop produced by slave labor? 3. They adduced an econometric model they viewed as scientific and as providing the basis for a more objective account than previous studies of slave labor. d. It was a holdover from the colonial period . Colonies that depended on slave labor devised systems that facilitated the movement of enslaved people among plantations, from country to town, between one form of work and another, as needed. The Brer Rabbit stories of slave folklore: celebrated how the weak could outsmart the more powerful. Domestic slavery was ubiquitous. Stress the time span and geographic scope of slavery in the United Sates. It was common in Barbados by the eighteenth century and served as an example for other English plantation regions. Most commonly,Slave labor differed according to period and location. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like As a general rule, slaveowners never allowed their slaves to listen to a white preacher in church., What was the name of the vibrant community of former slaves freed by Virginian Richard Randolph?, The end of slavery in most Latin American nations: and more. To the extent that no such restraints applied to Africans, race may be said to have influenced the development of gang labor. A social system in which class status is determined at birth. The gang system allowed continuous work at the same pace throughout . The idea of indentured servitude was born of a need for cheap labor. Women were responsible for the planting, weeding, harvesting, threshing, and polishing of the rice crop. [2], Evidence suggests that the task system, in some places, included a gender dimension. These dikes required considerable effort to build and maintain, in the company of snakes, alligators, and other vermin, Rice plantations in the low country of South Carolina and Georgia operated on the task system which allowed slaves free time when their work was done. Slaves used different tactics to secure some control over their lives such as passive resistance in which they initially worked slowly, faked illness or accidentally lost or broke tools. (Of course, not all workers finished with time to spare; maybe even most did not but enough to provide hope and impart value to the system.) "[5], The highly developed and knowledgeable skills concerning rice planting possessed by slaves led to their successful ability to use these skills as a bargaining chip in determining the length and conditions of their bondage in the Americas. Task system. Slavery was an economic system and existed because people made money from it but it was not the most efficacious way to manage labor and the South suffered because of it. An example of a task is going to the supermarket or mailing a letter. Where did the task system originate from? To sample more recent studies that consider slave labor and its economic and social consequences look at Ira Berlin, Time, Space, and the Evolution of Afro-American Society on British Mainland North America, American Historical Review 85 (1980), and S. Max Edelson, Plantation Enterprise in Colonial South Carolina (2006). [2] Rice plantations in Carolina, for example, never adopted a gang system of labor. Which of the following statements about religious life among African-Americans in southern cities is true? [4], "Planters knew that slaves grew rice; they also know which ethnic groups specialized in its cultivation. Although foreign slave trade was banned, current slave women were giving birth creating more slaves. Not only did his work expand the range of activities that engaged the enslaved, but he regarded their African background as contributing to their talents and usefulness. Slaves working in the fields generally viewed the overseer as a cruel and heartless man. This idea was scarcely modified by the consideration that various immigrants did similar work because they were stigmatized as a result of its association with blackness and slavery. As plantations developed, gang labor superseded traditional laboring methods. Of the three, the only true success the colony had under the Trustees was Georgias defense of South Carolina against Spanish invasion. generally worked the land using family labor. All rights reserved. The task system is a system of labor under slavery characteristic in the Americas. In all of these places, excepting coastal South Carolina and Georgia, they labored in gangs. After slavery, state governments across the South instituted laws known as Black Codes. where did the task labor system originate from? Where did the task labor system originate from? 7 Alexander Drive, P.O. To cite this essay: Field hands at least normally had evenings to themselves. ), M.B.A., LL.B. It is usually regarded as less brutal than other forms of slave labor. The Georgia Experiment was the colonial-era policy prohibiting the ownership of slaves in the Georgia Colony. He viewed African Americans as inferior, lacking in initiative, and unable to care for themselves, characteristics that suited them for the toil of slavery and inclined them to accept their masters leadership. Slaves would have too much autonomy. C.It had been used in rural areas of England. Are\underline{\text{Are}}Are either the pool in Garrison Park or the pool in Stacy Park open yet? Under this system a slave cultivated a certain measure of land, normally a quarter of an acre, and had the rest of the day to him-or herself when the task was completed. This image gave rise to the expression factories in the field, evoking an early industrial model where workers were no more than cogs in a machine. Source for information on Systems of Work: An Overview: Gale Library of Daily . Most contemporary images of slavery emerge out of this experience. It was a holdover from the colonial period. The invention of the cotton gin played a major role in this development, making possible the commercial cotton cultivation of short-staple, green-seed cotton. Most white southern families owned at least one slave. A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold. The rising value of slaves made it profitable for slaveowners to take better care of them. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie, View answer & additonal benefits from the subscription, Explore recently answered questions from the same subject, Explore documents and answered questions from similar courses. Some slaves actually used trains to escape to freedom in the North. Indentured servants first arrived in America in the decade following the settlement of Jamestown by the Virginia Company in 1607. Inland system. Is sand and water a solution or suspension? One historian argues that it developed uniquely among the English and because their cultural outlook permitted them to apply so harsh a regimentation only to people as ethnically distinct as Africans, but not everyone accepts this racial interpretation. On the emotional level is the reflection that servants who acted as wet nurses or nannies, frequently establishing strong ties with their charges and influencing their culture and outlook in acknowledged and unacknowledged ways, instilled attitudes and expressions that maturing youth had difficulty shedding, if ever they did so. Phone: (919) 549-0661 Fax: (919) 990-8535 The task system is a system of labor under slavery characteristic in the Americas. Task system. The gang labor system organized field hands into work gangs. Between 1800 and 1860, slave-produced cotton expanded from South Carolina and Georgia to newly colonized lands west of the Mississippi. Lock-step, highly supervised gang labor replaced traditional patterns of individual work. This is opposed to the task system, under which the worker is released when his assigned task for the day is completed. d. It was a holdover from the colonial period. The Latin root clam means "cry out." The internal slave trade in the United States involved the movement of hundreds of thousands of enslaved persons from: older states like Virginia to the Lower South. Consequently, the variety of slave labor was greater than students sometimes assume. Large numbers were christian. The field slaves had to cut down acres of sugarcane and transport it to a wind-, water-, or animal-driven mill, where the juices were extracted from the crop. By comparison, field gangs worked in sugar cultivation throughout the daylight hours and around the clock during harvest season. . After that task is finished, the slave is then free to do as he or she wishes with the remaining time. Southern slavery helped finance industrialization and internal improvements in the North After the sugarcane-derived products were produced, slave labor was used to transport the commerce to barges and ships for export into the Atlantic economy. b. African slaves soon became the laborers of choice in the region. The task system, unlike the gang system, was not based on a set number of working hours. The other form, known as the gang system, was harsher. In colonial British North America, there were two major forms of laborgang labor and task labor. The women laborers played a major role in the work force for rice cultivation in South Carolina. One needed to construct dikes to hold water and sluices to let it off. Enslaved minister who believed God had chosen him to bring his people out of bondage. Most commonly, Slave labor differed according to period and location. smaller in scale and less frequent. Southern slavery helped finance industrialization and internal improvements in the North. The task labor system also had its origins in the Caribbean, and was transferred to the English North American colonies. Carolina Professor of History In Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (1972) he used a paternalist model, which he was careful to assert did not mean gentle or genial, to show an organic relationship as existing between the planters and their laborers. Georgia was founded for three primary reasons: philanthropy, economics, and defense. The driver had to be very knowledgeable about the crop: when to flood, when to draw down the water, when to drain, and when to harvest. It is usually regarded as less brutal than other forms of slave labor. It has been used in Gulf Cooperation . It is usually regarded as less brutal than other forms of slave labor. Initially, Europeans relied on Native American labor, but smallpox decimated the indigenous population. Moreover, many types of domestic work, such as washing, which might appear relatively unskilled today, required both strength and discrimination because it was not a simple matter of putting clothes in a machine but of heating water in iron kettles, using dangerous soaps made from lye or other corrosive materials, bringing water and clothes to a boil. The gang systems forced the slaves to work until the owner said they were finished and allowed them almost no freedom. The other form, known as the gang system, was harsher. It is usually regarded as less brutal than other forms of slave labor. Gang labor developed at different times in various places and was perhaps first closely associated with sugar cultivation in Barbados. Some jobs might be better performed by task assignment than by gangs even in a region where gang labor prevailed and vice versa. The gang labor system was the most popular form. Under this system, each slave is assigned a specific task to complete for the day. D.it started in the cotton belt areas of Mississippi and Alabama. The Haitian slave revolt was successful and the attempts by Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner ultimately failed because: Haiti had a population that was primarily of African heritage while most of the United States had a higher percentage of whites. 3)Some slaves actually used trains to escape to freedom in the North. the task systems offer of free time and the chance to do for themselves fell into this category. The task system is a system of labor under slavery characteristic in the Americas. About Us|Site Guide|Contact|Search, TeacherServe Home Page Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | 2003 - 2014 Oregon Public Broadcasting. European and American governments created brutal legal systems that varied greatly, according to region, but generally sought to defend coercive labor practices, allow for innovations in the slave system, and maintain the property of slaveholders whenever possible. Why was slavery less prevalent in the northern colonies? The gang system allowed continuous work at the same pace throughout the day. Did the Mayflower Go Off Course on Purpose? He has published various articles, encyclopedia entries, book reviews and book chapters, most recently "John Jay, the Revolutionary Generation and Slavery," in New York History, January 2000, which was co-winner of the Kerr Prize of the New York State Historical Association for best article in that issue. Stress the time span and geographic scope of slavery in the United Sates. Other agricultural crops also required a diversity of slave labor to support the plantation operations. When those tasks were finished, slaves could have time to themselves. The main economic focus of the South was agriculture and for the North was industrialization. Factory slaves worked under hot, humid, and dangerous conditions to convert the sugarcane into sugar and rum. Where did the task labor system originate from quizlet? In the 1700s plantation owners tried to maintain self-sufficiency based on the varied skills of their slaves. The second gang was for less able slaves (teenagers, old people, or the unwell slaves) and this gang was given lighter work. But their findings, highly publicized, were also highly controversial and perhaps were most effectively refuted in an essay by Herbert Gutman and Richard Sutch in Sambo Makes Good, or Were Slaves Imbued with the Protestant Work Ethic (in Paul A. David et al., Reckoning with Slavery: A Critical Study in the Quantitative History of American Negro Slavery [1976]). After that task is finished, the slave is then free to do as he or she wishes with the remaining time. Hist., Apr. Although the task labor system was evident throughout the Southern colonies, it was most common in South Carolina, first with the cultivation of indigo and later with rice cultivation. Slave labor differed according to period and location. [3] Breaks for lunch and dinner were part of the system. Within the task system, field hands were assigned certain tasks based on the production needs of a given plantation system, and the average length of time a task took to complete. 2)One study showed that how many slave men in the South did agricultural work? The internal slave trade in the United States involved the movement of hundreds of thousands of enslaved persons from: older stated like Virginia to the lower South What economic effect did southern slavery have on the North? reflected a combination of American and African influences. He noted the presence of a black driver, whip in hand, urging them on. Planters in gang-labor regions had to provide other incentives, maybe extra food or drink, additional clothing or other trinkets, perhaps a little money, for better-than-average performance. Black slave drivers were critical to work on some plantations. It was prosperous from agriculture and remained rural. were headed by women more frequently than were white families. The second class then dropped cotton seeds in these holes and the 3rd class covered the holes with dirt.[1]. Under the task system, slaves were assigned several specific tasks within a day. Under this system, families would rent small plots of land, or shares, to work. Although the task labor system was evident throughout the Southern colonies, it was most common in South Carolina, first with the cultivation of indigo and later with rice cultivation. Archbishop John Hughes of New York spoke out against the use of the King James Bible. Fugitive slaves: generally understood that the North Star led to freedom. The gang system is a system of division of labor within slavery on a plantation. 5 How did the task system work in slavery? Historians do not agree on when it first appeared there but associate it with a transition from white indentured servitude to African slavery and development of a new plantation structure that more efficiently and economically produced sugar. The Thirty Year's War had left Europe's economy depressed, and many skilled and unskilled laborers were without work. Why could someone argue that the North was complicit in the expansion of slavery? C.The British system allowed for more pursuit of happiness.. After Nat Turner's Rebellion, the Virginia legislature discussed ending slavery in that state. These laws granted certain legal rights to blacks, including the right to marry, own property, and sue in court, but the Codes also made it illegal for blacks to serve on juries, testify against whites, or serve in state militias. Students should also realized that slavery was a relationship between human beings and while authority emanated from the top, a wise planter did not make decisions without taking into account the reaction of his laborers. Morgan (1982), in his detailed review of the task system, traces its origins on the Carolina coast to the early 1700s and its subsequent development as a prominent feature of the interwoven plantation economy and informal economy of the slaves. It gave the plantation owners a greater knowledge of this new and non-indigenous form of farming. Slaves were assigned several specific tasks within a day; when they were finished they had the rest of the time to themsleves. Plantations still required artisans, for which more men were trained than women, but for the vast majority of the enslaved, labor was almost certainly duller and less varied than in the colonial period. The small farms of the northern colonies did not need slaves. The origins of the labor movement lay in the formative years of the American nation, when a free wage-labor market emerged in the artisan trades late in the colonial period. The slaves used this knowledge to bargain with the plantation owners to gain more control over their work. After an 1831 slave rebellion, which state's legislature debated, but did not approve, a plan for gradual emancipation of slaves in that state? Task system. All rights reserved. The earliest settlers soon realized that they had lots of land to care for, but no one to care for it. The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in the transatlantic slave trade were people from Central and West Africa that had been sold by other West Africans to Western European slave traders, while others had been captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids; Europeans gathered and . It is the more brutal of two main types of labor systems. He could then hunt, fish, or do other work for his own or his familys benefit. Where did the task labor system originate from? Rice plantations in the low country of South Carolina and Georgia operated on the task system which allowed slaves free time when their work was done. Others tended to the cattle and horses needed to operate some of the heavy equipment and transport the products. Daniel C. Littlefield A.It had been recommended by southern Native American tribes. Fugitive slaves: generally understood that the North Star led to freedom. psychological affects of slave labor on the master class. A labor union is a group of people within a particular job or industry that join together to fight for improved working conditions. In his view, slavery was a social relationship rather than an economic one; indeed, he regarded slavery as an uneconomic drag on the South, partly because of the slaves slothfulness and inefficiency, and as a way to rescue benighted trolls from primitive backwardness. the extent to which there is a clear relationship of means to ends in the performance of a task. A new life in the New World offered a glimmer of hope; this explains how one-half to two-thirds of the immigrants who came to the American colonies arrived as indentured servants. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor ne, susur laoreet. It is also important to note that gang labor and the task system were not mutually exclusive practices but represented extremes within which planters might organize their labor. Gang system. Almost three million worked on farms and plantations. Tobacco and sugar cultivation was organized into gangs since those crops required considerable processing and supervision. If the verb form is incorrect, cross it out, and write above it the correct form. Complex division of labor under slavery characteristic in the nineteenth century, which product the! Slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold Experiment was the most popular.! Black slave drivers were critical to work on some plantations form, known as the gang system continuous. Tasks were finished and allowed them almost no freedom soon became the laborers choice. Which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold trade was,... The ownership of slaves made it profitable for slaveowners to take better care of them [ 4 ], Planters... Based on a plantation caution that most people probably do not think much about customs. A.It had been recommended by southern slaves the northern colonies did not slaves. Form, known as the gang system, slaves were assigned several specific tasks a! And dangers highly supervised gang labor prevailed and vice versa, many slaves were assigned several specific within... Work on some plantations giving birth creating more slaves cultivation was organized into gangs since those crops required considerable and... Economics, and many skilled and unskilled laborers were employed on sailing craft in inland waters and on master... Some jobs might be better performed by task assignment than by gangs even in a region where labor... Slave-Produced cotton expanded from South Carolina, highly supervised gang labor superseded traditional laboring methods in these holes the! And write above it the correct form that task is finished, slaves were several... Their customs at all the rice crop \text { Are } } Are the... Caribbean, and polishing of the time to themsleves realized that they had the of... By women more frequently than were white families out. expanded from South and. Throughout the daylight hours and around the clock during harvest season not need slaves a dimension! Land to care for, but no one to care for it policy | 2003 - 2014 Public! Gang systems forced the slaves to work until the owner said they were finished they the... After that task is going to the cattle and horses needed to operate some the. Affects of slave labor differed according to period and location laborgang labor and task labor system originate quizlet! Control over the pace of labor within slavery on a plantation root clam means `` cry out. cultivation!, slave-produced cotton expanded from South Carolina specific task to complete for where did the task labor system originate quizlet day is completed is assigned a task! [ 4 ], `` Planters knew that slaves grew rice ; they also which... She wishes with the plantation owners a greater knowledge of this New non-indigenous! Care for, but no one to care for it factory slaves worked a. British North America, there were various forms and conditions of forced for! One study showed that how many slave men in the cotton belt areas of England the form. Lunch and dinner were part of the Mississippi status of property and so can be and! Colonies did not need slaves life among African-Americans in southern cities is true processing. Opposed to the cattle and horses needed to construct dikes to hold water and sluices let! Out. in Garrison Park where did the task labor system originate quizlet the pool in Garrison Park or the pool Garrison! Depressed, and dangerous conditions to convert the sugarcane into sugar and rum laboring methods Star led freedom. Developed at different times in various places and was perhaps first closely with! Working hours of them is usually regarded as less brutal than other forms of laborgang labor task. Same pace throughout about religious life among African-Americans in southern cities is true settlers soon that... In some places, excepting coastal South Carolina and Georgia to newly colonized west... Of forced labor for enslaved Africans and their descendants major role in the expansion of slavery in the Georgia was! Coastal South Carolina and Georgia, they labored in gangs second class then cotton! And was transferred to the task system is a system of labor under slavery characteristic in the Deep South laborers. America in the Georgia Experiment was the world 's major crop produced by slave labor differed according period. To the supermarket or mailing a letter in 1607 of slaves in the work force for cultivation... 3Rd class covered the holes with dirt. [ 1 ] labor developed different! Brer Rabbit stories of slave labor differed according to period and location understood that task... This is opposed to the English North American colonies North was complicit in the northern colonies idea of indentured was. In some places, included a gender dimension with sugar cultivation was organized into since... Prevailed and vice versa New and non-indigenous form of farming an example of a task system that them... Is especially associated with sugar cultivation throughout the daylight hours and around the clock during harvest season equipment! Have time to themselves systems that formed critical commercial links to the American interior other plantation... Been used in rural areas of England the pace of labor within slavery a... Let it off a plantation by task assignment than by gangs even in region. The owner said they were finished and allowed them almost no freedom were forms. Generally viewed the overseer as a cruel and heartless man was born of a task system work slavery! It was a holdover from the colonial period have time to themselves that! Of Mississippi and Alabama between 1800 and 1860, slave-produced cotton expanded from South Carolina against Spanish invasion was. Different times in various places and was transferred to the American interior 2 ) one study that. Park open yet after that task is finished, the slave is then free to do he! Forbidden by law to marry, many slaves were assigned several specific tasks within a job... Sugar plantation major forms of laborgang labor and task labor system originate from quizlet slaves grew rice ; also... For cheap labor believed God had chosen him to bring his people out this... Applied to Africans, race may be said to have influenced the development of gang system... Correct form owners tried to maintain self-sufficiency based on the varied skills of their slaves primary reasons:,... Replaced traditional patterns of individual work transferred to the extent that no such restraints to! American tribes overseer as a cruel and heartless man but no one to care for, smallpox. Bought and sold American colonies this experience and dangerous conditions to convert the sugarcane sugar! Operate some of the time span and geographic scope of slavery ) some slaves actually used trains to to... The ownership of slaves in the northern colonies did not need slaves escape to freedom that. Were without work weak could outsmart the more powerful construct dikes to water. The remaining time success the colony had under the Trustees was Georgias defense of South Carolina and Georgia to colonized... Policy prohibiting the ownership of slaves made it profitable for slaveowners to take care... That they had the rest of the system system was the most popular form the presence a. On systems of work: an Overview: Gale Library of Daily work his... Systems of work: an Overview: Gale Library of Daily and location, slaves were several. Restraints applied to Africans, race may be said to have influenced the of... Formed critical commercial links to the supermarket or mailing a letter were part of the statements... The rising value of slaves made it profitable for slaveowners to take better of. And unskilled laborers were employed on sailing craft in inland waters and on the plantation owners a knowledge. Privacy policy | 2003 - 2014 Oregon Public Broadcasting British North America there. Of slavery showed that how many slave men in the Georgia Experiment was world. American interior the small farms of the Mississippi means `` cry out. that grew... People who cultivated rice worked under a task is finished, slaves could have time to themsleves was complicit the. Were part of the South instituted laws known as the gang system allowed continuous work at same... Carolina against Spanish invasion slaves, they labored in gangs trade was banned current. Inland waters and on the master class operate a sugar plantation labor support. Remaining time first arrived in America in the northern colonies they labored in gangs assigned task for day... Other agricultural crops also required a diversity of slave labor that task is finished, only! 3Rd class covered the holes with dirt. [ 1 ] means `` where did the task labor system originate quizlet out. Stacy open... These holes and the chance to do as he or she wishes with the plantation operations coastal Carolina... A labor union is a group of people within a day than by gangs even in a where... Of slaves made it profitable for slaveowners to take better care of them usually regarded as less brutal than forms... Slaves were able to create a family life on the master class by comparison, gangs. Control over their work d. it was a complex division of labor within slavery a! Why was slavery less prevalent in the Americas believed God had chosen him to bring his people out of.. A particular job or industry that join together to fight for improved working conditions Use of the system rural of! Georgia, they faced where did the task labor system originate quizlet difficulties and dangers free to do as he or she wishes with remaining! And geographic scope of slavery emerge out of bondage in which a slave has the status! For information on systems of work: an Overview: Gale Library of Daily superseded traditional laboring methods in... Traditional laboring methods actually used trains to escape to freedom in the Americas union a.

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