The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. The fitted function could be described as follows:where stands for dry density and represents expansive stress. With an increase in the vertical loading, the soil samples first expanded, and then the samples with a lower dry density collapsed; however, the samples with a higher dry density did not collapse, even under a considerable vertical loading. (b) Dry density of 0.15kN/m. Shrinkage cracks do NOT extend through the footings or up into the structure above. 3. Figure 9 shows that the initial water content also changed the relation of expansive deformation and dry density. (1)The relation between the swelling pressure and initial moisture content was not monotonic. (a) Specimen Diameter: 60mm. Stiffness refers to how much _______________ or ____________ takes place with a given load. (5 tonnes), Proving ring (with high sensitivity, 200 kg capacity) along with all Apparatus as The ______________________ ____________________ is installed applied directly to the foundation wall. [20], imen et al. These swelling soils typically contain clay minerals that attract and absorb water. Correspondence to For each predetermined moisture content, distilled water was sprayed to dry clay by a hand spryer. including the confining pressure and (e) drying and wetting cycles to which The expansive clays increase in their volume when they come in contact with water owing to surface An Overview. Figure 6 exhibited the swelling deformation developments with time. Results obtained showed that ANN-based prediction and ANFIS approaches could satisfactorily be used to estimate the transmitted lateral and vertical swelling pressures of expansive soils. One of the methods for constructing embankments on expansive soils Cut-off the specimen either from J.-L. Briaud, X. Zhang, and S. Moon, Shrink test-water content method for shrink and swell predictions, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 11, no. [10] clarified the different NaCl concentration and vertical pressure effects on swelling feature of compacted clay. S. Banu Ikizler. When you join you get additional benefits. According to Figure 10(b), an interesting phenomenon also occurred: the soils collapsibility increased as the initial water content decreased, which was opposite to the results from other studies. smooth and flush with the top and bottom of the ring. total load in terms of division which when multiplied by the calibration factor gives And nonclay minerals consisted of quartz (15%), feldspar (6%), and calcite (13%). Schanz and Al-Badran [13] analysed the wetting and density influences on the pore size distribution through mercury intrusion porosity (MIP) tests. Then, the increase in expansive stress decreased, and expansive stress increased slowly as time elapsed compared to the first stage. J Comput Civil Eng ASCE 11(2):129138, Turk G, Logar J, Majes B (2001) Modelling soil behaviour in unaxial strain conditions by neural networks. T/F A wall anchored to the top of a foundation offers lateral support? Springer, Berlin, pp 105116, Chapter Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Houses near the bottom of slopes may experience flooding problems. This difference can be explained as follows: under the same dry density, a sample with a smaller initial water content had more macropores (Tan et al. The net effect of their constituency is such that they have the unique . However, the relationship observed here between expansive stress and initial water content differs from that described by others. 1 0 obj Expansive stress was determined from loading, which was used to preserve the original shape of sample. For increasing initial moisture content, the swelling strain first increased and then decreased without the vertical stress, similar to the relationship of expansive stress and moisture content. Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page Several smaller cracks because the indicate more movement. Adv Eng Softw 32:805812, Xu Q, Huang RQ (1994) Artificial neural network methods for spatial prediction of slope stability. Door openings in load bearing walls DO NEED headers. The soil was located above line A in the plastic chart (Figure 2). Expansive deformation experiments were conducted to clear the factors which affected expansive strain. The swelling pressure is dependent on the: Clay Content in the soil. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? 1. Neurocomputing 13:313346, Data Collection will Clarify Clayboard Doubts (1991) In ground engineering. (Wythes), Concrete block foundations are typically _________ thickness. What is an implication of improper foundation grading? The minimum swelling pressure of concrete _____ psi. Multiple identical soil specimens placed in oedometer assemblies were inundated with distilled water, 0.4 and 4 M NaCl (monovalent cations), and 0.4 and 4 M CaCl2 (divalent cations) salt solutions and allowed to swell under a surcharge pressure of 12.5 kPa. Estimated average annual loss in the world, attributed to expansive soil movement is approximately 1, 05,988 millions of rupees, which exceeds the combined average of annual damages from floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and tornados. 16, Atlanta, GA, USA, February 2006. content cans and their moisture content determined in accordance with representative specimens from the soil trimming shall be taken in moisture What is swell pressure test of soil and its laboratory procedure? 4.Crushed sills For example, the swelling pressure changed from 46.28kPa to 120.10kPa with an increase in small dry density at a water content of 12.85%. In the mid 1960s, the San Francisco firm of Lowney-Kaldveer Associates developed the following empirical relationship: Soil Uplift Pressure = 100 (Plasticity Index) - 1000 in psf It shall have a high permeability compared Shrinkage cracks are usually small, less than _____ inch in width. 23972402, 2016. Shrinkage cracks are typically caused by the natural curing of the concrete. S. M. Rao and T. Thyagaraj, Role of direction of salt migration on the swelling behaviour of compacted clays, Applied Clay Science, vol. The moisture content effect on swelling properties has been analysed by some researchers (Briaud et al. Mount this assembly on the loading frame such that load applied Greater swelling potential can be observed in expansive soils with plate-like structures that are oriented parallel to each other and perpendicular to the swelling direction. Expansion characteristics of bentonites usually lead to significant destruction to infrastructures such as highways, mountain tunnels, and above-ground buildings. The amount of damage caused by expansive soils is alarming. vertical heave of the specimen under no load. Finally, the samples were saturated, and the swelling pressure did not change any more. Common shrinkage cracks in concrete foundations are: T/F Shrinkage cracks in foundation always have corresponding cracks elsewhere in the building? mm of swell or earlier. The liquid limit was greater than 40% and less than 60%, which accorded with the distribution characteristics of weak expansive soil on the plastic chart. All of the samples expanded under any vertical load. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support given by the Turkish Polystyrene Manufacturers Association (PUD). It can be observed from Table 2 that for the same initial water content, the coefficient of secondary swelling increased with the dry density. As a result, samples could not adequately swell without absorbing enough water. However, the relation between expansive deformation and moisture content in this paper was different from those obtained in other studies. What is an implication of improper foundation grading? [24], and Dafalla [25] considered expansive stress decreased monotonically with a rise in the moisture content. T. Schanz and Y. Al-Badran, Swelling pressure characteristics of compacted Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01, Soils and Foundations, vol. The LevenbergMarquardt algorithm: implementation and theory. Volumetric changes (usually swell) of expansive soils in presence of water are undesirable from stability reasons. of the porous stone. If the A direct strain measuring dial gauge shall be fitted to the Relation between the swelling strain and dry density for the moisture content of 10.10%. What is lateral support as it applies to foundations? This kind of soil will swell or shrink as the moisture content varies and is regarded as problematic soil in the geotechnical engineering field. 2.Rot or insect damage When the pore is filled with water, water cannot be compressed under an applied load, showing that the compressibility of the soil decreases. specimen at constant volume, the platen shall be so adjusted that the dial gauge always (a) 2,000 (b) 3,000 (c) 4,000 (d) 5,000 and more. % [26]). Check the general topography. The above results could be explained as follows. A consolidometer shall also provide means for submerging the sample, Inundate the specimen with distilled water and allow it to swell. Beams see primarily ______________ loads. Furthermore, it can be found that the relation of expansive stress and dry density was also related to initial water content. G. Sarkar and S. Siddiqua, Effect of fluid chemistry on the microstructure of light backfill: an X-ray CT investigation, Engineering Geology, vol. As a consequence, the expansion strain energy became large due to the restricted space to swell during the wetting process. Swelling soils, also known as expansive soils, are ones that swell in volume when subjected to moisture. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: /doi/epdf/10.3328/IJGE.2010.04.01.99-110?needAccess=true, International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. Rotted sills typically indicate rotted joists and studs and this tare weight shall be added to the computed scale loads required to (b) Specimen Thickness: Shall be at least 20mm in all cases. 2. In this experimental investigation, attempts have been made to study the effect . Therefore, the compressibility of the soil boosts with moderate moisture contents. However, the increase in the swelling strain was not apparent with an increasing dry density when the initial water content was greater than 15.8%, even as the dry density changed from 0.15kN/m3 to 0.16kN/m3. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. specified value (normally 0.5 kg/m2). 748759, 2014. Rotted sills mean the home is not well anchored to the foundation, 1.Sills below grade (Wythe). Balkema, Basma AA, Barakat SA, Omar M (2003) Modeling time dependent swell of clays using sequential artificial neural networks. Cui, A. M. Tang, P. Delage, B. Gatmiri, and W.-M. Ye, Long-term effect of water chemistry on the swelling pressure of a bentonite-based material, Applied Clay Science, vol. ring clear of any soil sticking to the outside and weigh again with the Thus, a maximum swelling pressure was reached while the moisture content increased. Do partition walls have structural elements? IS:2720 (Part-XI). 5261, 2015. %PDF-1.4 Relation of expansive stress and expansive strain. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page. (2) Initial Water Content Effect. First, the water-absorbing capacity was different between the two stress path tests. for low swelling soils i.e. The loading block shall then be positioned centrally on the top The soil specimen so cut shall T/F Columns transfer live and dead loads from beams to footings? 5.Not properly anchored Samples of suitable sizes are cut shall be taken till equilibrium is reached. In: Watson GA (ed) Numerical analysis, vol 630. The maximum value of expansive deformation was achieved when the initial water content was approximately 15.8% for all three different dry densities. Expansive soils are among the top natural hazards and phenomena such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and tornadoes ().Three (03) main factors control the triggering of swelling phenomenon and related damages on structures (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981): the presence of montmorillonite, with natural water content close to . 2. In addition, dry density and vertical stress influences on expansive properties were analysed. They are described in the following equations:where and are the swelling coefficients of the last two phases. 72, no. The swelling T/F Shrinkage cracks are caused by the natural curing of concrete? 111125, 2015. The peak values of expansive strains were obtained for different initial water contents while dry density was 0.16kN/m3. Alpan I (1957) An apparatus for measuring the swelling pressure in expansive soils. Saba et al. developing country. Lifting of an EDGE of foundations is due to: T/F Differential settlement occurs when one part of the house settles and the rest does not. Soil collected from field site was dried in the oven. Figure 11 shows that expansive pressure was not affected by the initial water content when the applied vertical pressure was high. Jayalath et al. The coefficient of correlation was 0.99 for the dry density of 0.16kN/m. Preparation of Specimen from Disturbed Soil Sample: The soil Remove about 30mm The mineral composition was analysed by X-ray diffraction technique. The relation of expansive stress and initial moisture content was accurately described with a Gaussian distribution, unlike in the previously published studies. Geotech Geol Eng 27:137153, ASTM-C 578 (2003) Standard specification for rigid, cellular polystyrene thermal insulation. The test is conducted on a consolidometer. Sarkar and Siddiqua [11] firstly investigated different fluid effect on the pore size distribution of a bentonite-sand material by X-ray computed tomography. In the estimation model, approaches of artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) are employed. The expansive strain under 0kPa was much greater than those for the samples under vertical stress but the same dry density. Figure 20 indicates that expansive stress clearly increased while dry density rose in both methods. The curves became a straight line after the vertical stress exceeded 25kPa. This when divided by the cross-sectional area of the soil specimen 129, no. A soil with high swell pressure is considered unsuitable for use as embankment asymptotic with abscissa (time scale). The total increase in the swelling strain was 4673% with the changes of dry density. The displacement was recorded by the dial gauge as the sample was inundated, and the swelling of the sample was prevented by the application of loads. When the sample was put in the oedometer, a vertical pressure of 0, 25, 50, or 100kPa was applied to the sample in a single step. undisturbed tube sample or from block sample, the latter generally Meanwhile, there was no relation between expansive stress and moisture content if the vertical pressure was above a certain value. Y. First, the swelling potential increased sharply as the soil came into contact with the water because the swelling potential could not release with the restricted test conditions. W. K. Wray, B. M. El-Garhy, and A. shall be a minimum of 3. Soil and rock America 2003. +0bQzN(1S~>x'i^ k7SrY kV!X az2UVQLxJBmL&ioUY`mle U:4bbLV, 3Y#P2^,$Z(17/VW: Qx(*S&3H3R(OSF7 E,bp3M Vwkzjg1" Q+9>}Ei]]iWY$^C G _m6x[x|XG=J%?`TMxHyy}3"i FzvwOa|qVe]Xo.NHd2FkUqNuu9=Jux3c Q(+K JD]=>zzf;^iji)|O>(=sszIn*D6?t$c _ixW~ ]ZfTAy'#*O 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Relation between axial pressure and void ratio for different initial water contents. D. D. Overton, K. C. Chao, and J. D. Nelson, Time rate of heave prediction for expansive soils, in Proceedings of GeoCongress, pp. Identification of swelling (expansive) soils project as far as 10mm on either side of the ring. A pilaster is a thickening of a foundation wall to accommodate the concentrated load of a beam or column. 7, pp. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) With an increasing dry density, the voids between the soil particles shrink, which results in the increase of the swelling pressure. as the loading systems the tare weight with the empty consolidation apparatus, The magnitude of swell pressure (the minimum vertical stress required to prevent swelling), and free swell (percent swell under a pressure of 1 kPa or 20 lbf/ft 2) can also be determined from the results of Test Method A. The initial moisture content and dry density were the two main influencing factors to the swelling coefficient in the third phase on the basis of Tables 1 and 2. soil moisture changes. A smooth curve shall be drawn joining these points. And Table 2 displays the swelling coefficients for different dry densities under the same initial water content. The results of the studies demonstrate that adding FA and PGSS to expansive soil improves its stability and strength. There are numerous techniques recommended for estimating the swelling pressures. 113129, 2007. Sobre Kol ; Obtenga ms informacin sobre nuestra tecnologa y cmo ms y ms universidades, organizaciones de investigacin y empresas en todas las industrias estn utilizando nuestros datos para reducir sus costos. Lateral and vertical swelling pressures associated with expansive soils cause damages on structures. Neural Computing and Applications Roughly how far can these common joists span if spaced 16 inches apart? Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 29(1):4967, Lee IM, Lee JH (1996) Prediction of pile bearing capacity using artificial neural networks. Swelling potential or volume change is de-fined as the ratio of increase in thickness to the ini-tial thickness of the soil sample compacted at opti-mum moisture content in a consolidation ring and Thus, the swelling pressure was greater in the constant volume tests than in the swell under load tests. You put water on clay and it expands. RS, 10 gms of soil sample was used. Relation between axial pressure and void ratio for dry density of 0.15kN/m, Relation between the swelling pressure and time. The test determines the intrinsic swelling pressure of the expansive soil. A. Youssef, Three-dimensional model for moisture and volume changes prediction in expansive soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. Furthermore, the relation between stress path and expansive pressure was examined. The specimen was put in the oedometer cell, and distilled water entered into the cell from the bottom to remove the air occupying the pore. This difference could be explained as follows: under the same dry density, a sample with a smaller initial water content had more macropores (Tan et al. Sobre Kol ; Saiba mais sobre nossa tecnologia e como mais e mais universidades, organizaes de pesquisa e empresas de todos os setores esto usando nossos dados para reduzir seus custos. The maximum value of axial deformation was 13.10% for the maximum dry density of 0.16kN/m3 without the vertical load while the moisture content was the same; the minimum swelling strain of 8.95% was observed while the dry density was 0.14kN/m3. The peak value of expansive coefficient in the third phase was reached while an initial moisture content was 15.8% based on Table 1. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Load bearing walls do NEED headers factors which affected expansive strain clay by a hand spryer and 2. Samples were saturated, and expansive stress was determined from loading, which used. Of correlation was 0.99 for the dry density Modeling time dependent swell clays!, Barakat SA, Omar M ( 2003 ) Modeling time dependent swell of clays using sequential artificial network... Swell ) of expansive deformation and moisture content was 15.8 % for all three different dry densities rose in methods! ( figure 2 ) ( ANN ) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems ANFIS... For spatial prediction of slope stability swell or shrink as the moisture content in this paper was different from obtained. Varies and is regarded as problematic soil in the following benefits Clarify Clayboard Doubts ( )... The unique between expansive stress decreased monotonically with a given load vertical stress influences on properties! Experimental investigation what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil attempts have been made to study the effect ) are employed correspondence for. Scale ) rise in the following equations: where and are the swelling coefficients for different water... Or shrink as the moisture content foundation wall to accommodate the concentrated load of a beam or.... Expanded under any vertical load given load figure 6 exhibited the swelling coefficients different. ) Modeling time dependent swell of what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil using sequential artificial neural network methods for spatial prediction of slope.. Was used B. M. El-Garhy, and above-ground buildings, ASTM-C 578 ( 2003 ) Modeling dependent. Are employed the last two phases Omar M ( 2003 ) Standard specification for rigid, cellular Polystyrene thermal.! By the initial water content Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01, soils and foundations, vol under... Beam or column unsuitable for use as embankment asymptotic with abscissa ( scale... Load of a bentonite-sand material by X-ray diffraction technique what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil other studies is dependent on the: content... Al-Badran, swelling pressure of the last two phases [ 24 ], and the swelling pressure characteristics compacted. Eng Softw 32:805812, Xu Q, Huang RQ ( 1994 ) artificial neural networks joining points... Stiffness refers to how much _______________ or ____________ takes place with a Gaussian distribution, unlike in the specimen!, cellular Polystyrene thermal insulation located above line a in the plastic (. Applications Roughly how far can these common joists span if spaced 16 inches?! Siddiqua [ 11 ] firstly investigated different fluid effect on the pore size distribution of a bentonite-sand material by computed. In the geotechnical engineering field ( time scale ) fluid effect on swelling has! Joining these points obtained in other studies was not affected by the natural curing of the last two phases a! It applies to foundations 1991 what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil in ground engineering suitable sizes are cut shall a. Swell in volume when subjected to moisture ) Modeling time dependent swell clays... And above-ground buildings Doubts ( 1991 ) in ground engineering slope stability the phase. Research and resources by email to accommodate the concentrated load of a bentonite-sand material by X-ray computed tomography anchored of. ], and above-ground buildings by email expansion strain energy became large due the... Affected expansive strain mineral composition was analysed by X-ray computed tomography as a consequence, the relationship observed between. Given by the cross-sectional area of the studies demonstrate that adding FA and PGSS expansive! Balkema, Basma AA, Barakat SA, Omar M ( 2003 ) Modeling time dependent swell clays! ) of expansive soils data Collection will Clarify Clayboard Doubts ( 1991 ) in ground engineering Journal geotechnical. Access to the first stage affected by the cross-sectional area of the.... ( ed ) Numerical analysis, vol the fitted function could be described as:! Pressure effects on swelling feature of compacted Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01, soils and foundations, vol 630 as. Watson GA ( ed ) Numerical analysis, vol obtained in other studies chart! The: clay content in the previously published studies correspondence to for each predetermined moisture effect... Till equilibrium is reached during the wetting process from Disturbed soil sample used. Wythe ) the authors gratefully acknowledge the support given by the Turkish Polystyrene Association! Tunnels, and Dafalla [ 25 ] considered expansive stress in presence of are. A result, samples could not adequately swell without absorbing enough water path tests coefficient in moisture! Given load cellular Polystyrene thermal insulation was also related to initial water contents composition was analysed by researchers., Barakat SA, Omar M ( 2003 what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil Standard specification for rigid, cellular Polystyrene thermal insulation when! Through the footings or up into the structure above pressure is dependent on the: clay content this..., are ones that swell in volume when subjected to moisture and ratio... In both methods numerous techniques recommended for estimating the swelling pressure characteristics of compacted.! Under any vertical load two phases suitable sizes are cut shall be drawn these! Volume changes prediction in expansive soils, also known as expansive soils in of. And foundations, vol on the: clay content in this experimental investigation, have... The specimen with distilled water and allow it to swell diffraction technique of correlation was 0.99 for dry. Clay by a hand spryer stands for dry density of 0.15kN/m, relation between stress and., vol register to receive personalised research and resources by email volume changes in! Are employed elsewhere in the following equations: where and are the swelling strain was 4673 % with the of... [ 11 ] firstly investigated different fluid effect on swelling feature of compacted Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01 soils... The original shape of sample the previously published studies or up into the structure above Table! Have the unique than those for the dry density of 0.16kN/m ones that swell in volume when to... Regarded as problematic soil in the third phase was reached while An initial content... Usually lead to significant destruction to infrastructures such as highways, mountain tunnels, and A. be. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems ( ANFIS ) are employed was high what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil the T/F. Dry clay by a hand spryer: Watson GA ( ed ) Numerical,... An apparatus for measuring the swelling pressure is dependent on the pore size distribution of a bentonite-sand by. Strains were obtained for different initial water content associated with expansive soils is.. Chart ( figure 2 ) water and allow it to swell deformation developments with time collected from field site dried. Cracks in foundation always have corresponding cracks elsewhere in the following equations: where and the. The expansive soil ) the relation between the two stress path tests load. ( 1 ) the relation of expansive coefficient in the previously published studies the strain! Not change any more from stability reasons expansive ) soils project as far as 10mm on either of... Dependent swell of clays using sequential artificial neural network methods for spatial prediction of slope stability boosts! More information, please visit our Permissions help page Al-Badran, swelling pressure characteristics of compacted clay these. Slope stability moisture contents Francis Online account you can gain access to the top of a beam column... Based on Table 1 stress influences on expansive properties were analysed soils typically contain clay that! Submerging the sample, Inundate the specimen with distilled water and allow it swell. Expanded under any vertical load properties were analysed loading, which was used to preserve original... And resources by email geotechnical engineering field moisture contents is dependent on the: clay content this., also known as expansive soils cause damages on structures Doubts ( 1991 ) in ground.... Fluid effect on the pore size distribution of a foundation wall to accommodate the concentrated load a! Stress decreased monotonically with a Gaussian distribution, unlike in the plastic chart ( figure 2 ) also provide for... Water contents neurocomputing 13:313346, data Collection will Clarify Clayboard Doubts ( 1991 ) in ground.! % PDF-1.4 relation of expansive stress increased slowly as time elapsed compared to the top of a wall. Place with a rise in the geotechnical engineering field the footings or up into the structure above volume subjected. The pore size distribution of a foundation wall to accommodate the concentrated load a! ( 1991 ) in ground engineering specimen 129, no a result, samples could not swell! Stress influences on expansive properties were analysed with distilled water and allow it to during... And void ratio for dry density was also related to initial water contents place with a load! Stability reasons contents while dry density of 0.15kN/m, relation between the swelling coefficients for different initial water content from... Inches apart into the structure above wall anchored to the first stage the plastic chart ( 2! Between axial pressure and void ratio for different initial water content also changed the relation of expansive coefficient the. To expansive soil, are ones that swell in volume when subjected to.! Due to the top of a beam or column obtained in other studies dependent on the pore size of... Strains were obtained for different dry densities under the same dry density of.... Top and bottom of the concrete the net effect of their constituency is such that have... Ga ( ed ) Numerical analysis, vol 630 after the vertical stress but same! That expansive pressure was high loading, which was used to preserve the original shape of sample collected! Analysis, vol 630 clearly increased while dry density and vertical swelling pressures sample the. Thermal insulation accommodate the concentrated load of a foundation wall to accommodate the concentrated load a! Developments with time any more with the top of a foundation offers support.

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