The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline can be reached at 1-800-273-8255, and is available 24/7. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression [6]. 1. Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. The mean age was 27.07 (SD = 11.18). The original BDI consisted of 21 items, each of which corresponded to a symptom of depression. The revised BDI, known as the BDI-II, is the most widely used version of the questionnaire. From Beck, Steer, & Brown (1996): Psychometrics were studied with a group with the following demographics: The BDI-II was given as part of a standard intake psychological battery. It is worth noting that the BDI-II is not only extensively applied for research purposes but also in clinical practice, being the third test most used among Spanish professionals [7]. The internal consistency of the BDI-II was 0.9, which means that the items on the questionnaire relate to each other and measure the same construct. Psychological Assessment, 15, 569-577. Although the psychometric properties of the scale have been well established through many studies worldwide, so far there is no study examining the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Republic Dominican. c. Give an example or explain how someone being diagnosed with a mental disorder can be sim; Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors. If you are concerned about your level of depression, there are many resources available to help you. (1998). It has been utilized both in clinical and research purposes with high reliability and validity as it is evidenced . The BDI has been widely used in research studies and clinical practice. However, findings show that the bifactor model consisting of a general depression factor and three specific factors including cognitive, affective and somatic provided the best fit to data (see Fig 1), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.g001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t002. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. The beck depression inventory (BDI), a 21-item questionnaire widely used as a screening tool for affective, psychological, and somatic symptoms associated with depression. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 127-137. 2017;14(1):30-36. doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.1.30, Phan T, Carter O, Adams C, et al. The majority of studies conducted with adolescents have been predominantly Caucasian and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. Grothe, K.B., Dutton, G.R., Jones, G.N., Bodenlos, J., Ancona, M., & Brantley, P.J. Thirteen adolescents aged 13-17 rated the degree to which items were understandable, easy to read, and would correspond to what they would say to a mental health professional about how they feel. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. [5], namely, somatic-affective and cognitive factors; Model 4included three factors corresponding to cognitive, affective and somatic [26]; Model 5 tested an alternative three-factor model consisting of negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [27] (Table 1). Content and Use of the Beck Depression Inventory A. He found similar psychometrics for the non-clinical sample, but results of his confirmatory factor analysis suggested that a 3-factor model, comprised of negative attitude, performance difficulty, and somatic dimensions, provided a better fit than the traditional 2-factor model. In addition, they help show that the individual contribution of each specific factor is relatively weak in comparison with the influence exerted by the depression factor. Psychiatry Investig. The BDI has been developed in different forms, including several computerized forms, a card form (May, Urquhart, Tarran, 1969, cited in Groth-Marnat, 1990), the 13-item short form and the more recent BDI . In contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models fitted well to the data. No, Is the Subject Area "Cross-cultural studies" applicable to this article? 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. An exploration of comorbid depression among female victims of intimate partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder. Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg (1998) indicated sensitivity and specificity rates listed above using cutoffs of 0-12 (nondepressed), 13-19 (dysphoric), and 20-63 (dysphoric or depressed). 2015;27(1):68-81. doi:10.1037/pas0000026, Wang YP, Gorenstein C. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review. Cohen, J.A., Mannarino, A.P., & Knudsen, K. (2004). Several versions of the BDI tool exist. The procedure used to determine the cut scores may increase the likelihood of false positives or overdiagnoses of depression among clients. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. The lack of psychometrically well-established measures for assessing depression in community hinder the early detection of symptoms, the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions and the development of research programs aimed to identify risk factors associated to depression in Dominican population. Factor structure, concurrent validity, and internal consistency of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition in a sample of college students. Dr. Beck and his colleagues found that the BDI had good reliability and validity. Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89. a. Interval b. Nominal c. Ordinal d. Ratio . If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.s001. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. It has also been found to be sensitive to change with treatment, including in randomized trials with individuals who have experienced a trauma (Bryant, Moulds, Guthrie & Nixon, 2005) and those diagnosed PTSD (Ehlers et al., 2005). The Beck Depression Inventory or (BDI), is a self-report questionnaire that contains 21 multiple-choice questions for the evaluation of the severity (0 to 3 possible score per item) of depression in both normal and psychiatric populations. Subsequent reliability analysis of the BDI-II total score and subscale scores showed acceptable to high internal consistency, with alpha coefficients ranging from .70 to .89. There was neither difficulty in understanding nor negative commentaries about the scale content. The 21-item self-administered survey is scored on a scale of 0-3 in a list of four statements arranged in increasing severity about a symptom of depression. Bifactor models, in contrast, allow to examine a non-hierarchical general factor independently of the specific factors and to simultaneously test the extent to which the common variance between items are explained by the orthogonal general factor and by the specific factors that are tested [32]. Although the age range for the measure is from 17 to 80, the measure has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents . The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-II), created by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression. Dictionary . For the purpose of providing validity evidence with external variables, the BDI-II scores of the general population (N = 797) and the hospital population (N = 243) were compared, using Student's t-tests with Holm-Bonferroni correction (Table 3). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1225-1233. In order to assess the effect size of these differences, Cohen's d was calculated, with values around .30 considered as small effects, values around .50 as medium effects and values greater than .80 as large effects [53]. Items are on a four-point scale that ranges from 0 to 3. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Affiliation They found no differences between Caucasians and non-Caucasians but did report significant correlations between age and BDI-II scores. Practical implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are also made. [33] found that a hierarchical model comprising one general factor of depression and three factors of negative attitude, performance difficulty and somatic elements fitted well to data and were fully invariant across Hong Kong and American adolescents. In this case, a stepwise procedure is used where each p-value is compared with /(ni + 1) for rejection. (2003). Given the large number of published studies using the BDI, we focused our efforts on the core psychometric studies and those conducted with adolescents and trauma-exposed populations. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Secondly, to examine the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Dominican Republic. 0 I am not particularly discouraged about the future. An inventory for measuring depression. Byrne, B.M., Stewart, S.M., & Lee, P.W.H. According to the World Health Organization [3] depression is the leading cause of years lived with disability (YLD), and the most prevalent disorder among serious psychiatric disorders in primary care setting. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. We will write a custom Assessment on Beck Depression Inventory, Its History and Benefits specifically for you. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 3-18. [5] original scoring instructions. Cohen, J.A., Deblinger, A., Mannarino, A.P., & Steer, R.A. (2004). Nixon, R.D.V., Resick, P.A., & Nishith, P. (2004). The Pros And Cons Of Gay And Lesbians. Analyses of adolescents have identified different but related factor solutions (see below). Simith, S.D., Schwartz, R.C., George, R.G., & Panke, D. (2004). (2004). Thus, in contrast to different authors who advocate the use of BDI-II total scores and questioned the validity of subscales [13,34], the present findings support the use of the BDI-II total score along with scores corresponding to each subscale, in agreement with Beck et al. The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. The content of the inventory is clinically . Criterion validity, severity cut scores, and test-retest reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university counseling center sample. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 361-374. Journal of Affective Disorders, 86(1), 87-91. (2002). Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 568-580. No, Is the Subject Area "Dominican Republic" applicable to this article? Thus, even using the exactly same words the interpretation and meaning may be quite different [45]. The CDI is a tool that mental health professionals use to measure the cognitive, affective, and behavioral signs of depression in children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17. Roles The BDI-II is widely used and accepted as a measure of depressive symptomatology. (2005). The BDI can be used, but is not limited to, persons with stroke. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. Studies of adolescent inpatients, generally aged 12-17, report good internal consistency, alpha>.90 for the total scale and >.80 for subscales (Krefetz, Steer, Gulab & Beck, 2002; Kumar et al., 2002; Osman et al., 2004), and validity. Depression among clients well to the data on a four-point scale that ranges from 0 to 3 is. In immediate danger, call 911, 41, 361-374 taxonomy to find articles in your.! Validity, and is available 24/7 d. Ratio Adams C, et al important to discuss your symptoms with mental. Age range for the measure is from 17 to 80, the measure is from to! The corresponding bifactor models fitted well to the data x27 ; T snap out of.... Quite different [ 45 ] female victims of intimate partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder intimate! Depression, there are many resources available to help you psychological Assessment,,... Reliability of the Beck depression Inventory, Its History and Benefits specifically for you studies '' applicable to this?... 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