rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. Specifically, the issue was whether the king had the right to appoint bishops (heads of church districts) without the pope's approval. In the years after that, they were even better. February 3, 2023. In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). Yet the treaty was ineffective because the French almost immediately began giving aid to the Netherlands. Numerous wealthy city-states competed for trade rights around the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas, and the Italian Wars (a conflict between France and Spain for control in Italy) raged for sixty-four years (see "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. The final push for Italian unification came in 1859, led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (then the wealthiest and most liberal of the Italian states), and orchestrated by Piedmont-Sardinia's Prime Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. According to the contract, they were to rule their own kingdomsthat is, Ferdinand was the king of Aragon and Isabella was the queen of Castile. Cartier's voyages never took him farther west than the site of modern-day Montreal, Canada, but his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). Charles's victory started a rivalry among the three young kings that was to last for the rest of their lives. In 1584 Philip began Spanish financial aid to France's Catholic League in an unsuccessful effort to put a Catholic on the throne of France. National sovereignty was restored by the revolution of 1640. Capitalism brought about the rise of cities, which were built as hubs in a network of trade routes throughout Europe. In 1554 he formed an alliance between Spain and England by arranging for his son Philip II (15271598; ruled 155698) to marry the Catholic English queen, Mary I (see "England" section previously in this chapter). He made three more voyages to the "Indies" (in 1493, 1498, and 1502) to confirm his theory and to colonize the islands he had already explored. The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). His greatest enemy was Charles the Bold (14331477; ruled 146777), duke of Burgundy, who ruled Burgundy virtually as an independent state. 1624 he arranged for Charles to marry Henrietta Maria (16091669), the sister of King Louis XIII of France. His troops annihilated Swiss mercenaries hired by Massimiliano Sforza (14931530), duke of Milan (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). In pursuit of the first of these objectives, Richelieu destroyed the political power of the Protestants. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the fourteenth century, serfdom decreased in eastern Europe and increased in western Europe T o F, The Renaissance is part of the era that historians call the "medieval" period. The bulk of the preparatory work fell to Thomas Wolsey (c. 14751530), the royal almoner (one who distributes alms, or food and money, to the poor), who became Henry's war minister. Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. Despite the new division, the conflict between the sub-kingdoms continued. At that time he was feudal lord of a greater part of France, including Normandy, Brittany, and Anjou in the northwest and Aquitaine in the southwest. In the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Milan, and Pope Leo X(14751521; reigned 151321) gave him neighboring Parma and Piacenza. Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. Undaunted by Francis's new partnership, Charles launched a successful assault against the French king's Turkish ally in the Mediterranean Sea. By this time most Spaniards were having second thoughts about the new king: Charles had never been to their country, and he could not even speak Spanish. But Francis would never again be as successful as he was at the end of 1516. Charlemagne was a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. He was more interested in pursuing his own pleasures, so he turned the government over to his favorite adviser, Francisco Gmez de Sandoval y Rojas, duke of Lerma (pronounced fran-THES-koh GO-mahth day sahn-doh-VAHL ee RO-hahs; 15531625). The quest for Asian ports began in Portugal as revenge against the African Muslims, long-time enemies of Portuguese Christians. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom?. On March 30, 1492, heeding the advice of Torquemada, the king and queen ordered all Jews to leave Spanish territory by July 30. Although Elizabeth had encountered numerous problems during her long reign, she showed an uncanny ability to retain the love of her people. The members with the know how for Rise of Kingdoms. Then, in a crowning victory, Philip's navy, under lvaro de Bzan (15261588), the marquis de Santa Cruz, smashed a combined English-French force off the coast of the Azores in 1582 and 1583. The region that later became known as Normandy was turned over to the Northmen in 911 by Charles III (879929; ruled 893923). Just one year before Charles died, Philip decisively ended more than a half-century of Spanish-French conflict regarding Italy. States occupied by the Holy Roman Empire also came under the rule of Spain and the Habsburgs. Their fifteen-year-old grandson Charles (15001558), who was then king of the Netherlands, became King Charles I of Spain in 1518 (ruled 151858). Jewish leaders such as Abraham Gama responded by seizing a number of traders and fishermen from the harbor, killing them, and sending a boat filled with their body parts back to the Samuri. How would Germany most likely have been different between 1848 and 1871 if Prussia had not belonged to the . English exploration and discovery began in the previous century, during the reign of Henry VII, when John Cabot made a voyage from Bristol to Nova Scotia (in what is now Canada) in 1497. . In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. Henry is now considered the true English Renaissance prince. After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. In the 1300s he had left a record of his journeys to the faraway lands of China (then called Cathay), India, and the Spice Islands. For about twenty years the Netherlands maintained virtual control of Brazil and its sugar production, before being thrown out by an increasingly independent Brazilian population. According to an official report, when the soldiers reached the city they were so upset by the corruption of the Roman clergy that they committed atrocities. He lost power to John Dudley (15021553), earl of Warwick, who was the most important figure in the government for the remainder of Edward's reign. The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. In the south, the Italian peninsula was turned into a battleground. They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. These two buildings introduced to England the classical style of such Italian Renaissance architects as Andrea Palladio (15081580). Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: . Henry's sixth and last wife was Katherine Parr (15121548), a young widow whom he married in 1543. Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. Most reforms took place in Castile, the larger and stronger of the two kingdoms. Francia. Their efforts were inspired by the humanist ideals of questioning authority and valuing the worth of the individual (see "Humanists promote change" in Chapter 1, and "Humanism sparks Renaissance" in Chapter 8). The Ottoman Empire was no longer a threat to Spain's rich possessions in Italy and along the Mediterranean. For balanced civilizations, the Rome, Japan, China and Spain civilizations make the best option. Q: France and Germany were both once part of what Feudal Kingdom? The king personally commanded English The Waldensians were advocates of the views of Peter Waldo (also known as Pierre Valds; d. before 1218), an early French religious reformer who protested against corruption in the Catholic Church. The revised Book of Common Prayer regarded communion as simply a reenactment of the Last Supper, the final meal that Christ shared with his disciples, or followers. Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. In Russian history, what nickname was the first Tzar given for their tyranny? Trait 2: ++10% Wood Gathering Speed. The merchants of India were immediately suspicious of this highly organized expedition from Europe. Since 1066 the English had controlled rich agricultural areas in France, and the two countries had often fought over these territories. The young woman would not marry a non-Catholic, however, so James turned to France, another Catholic nation. After Elizabeth reluctantly signed the death warrant, Essex was executed. In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. The light and quick English ships also had the advantage of being able to outmaneuver the bulky Spanish galleons. The French would meanwhile send a fleet to take Genoa and Naples. Although hostilities ended for a time, by 1551 the German princes had found another ally in the new king of France, Henry II (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Consequently, the earliest efforts at exploration by the English, Dutch, and French concentrated on lands unclaimed by either country, rise of kingdoms . Germany This marriage did not allow England to be free of the war, though, since many English people believed it was necessary to aid Protestants on the European continent. Jane was proclaimed queen in 1553, but after only nine days she was imprisoned for high treason as a result of the plot to make her queen. kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. At various times these alliances involved the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, the Papal States (duchies in Italy controlled by the pope), and numerous Italian city-states, as well as mercenaries (hired soldiers) from other countries such as Switzerland. Shortly after becoming king, Henry enacted a pro-Spanish and anti-French policy. The English also formed an alliance with France and, to seal the treaty, Henry's sister Mary became the wife of King Louis XII of France. For the next four years, however, the Lutheran movement gained momentum, especially in Germany and the Netherlands. Upon Henry's death in 1422, his infant son, Henry VI, was crowned king of both France and England. Pole was an English aristocrat who had lived in Italy since Henry VIII's break with the papacy. Tensions began in 1455 when Richard, the duke of York, tried to overthrow the weak and mentally disturbed King Henry VI (14211471; ruled 142261 and 147071). Peter and his successors were called the Argonese. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. ." Once an answer is selected, it cannot be changed. The exploration of North America revealed two important facts to the English, French, and Dutch: there was probably no Northwest Passage to the Indies, and there was no quick or easy way to create a wealthy empire. Their era produced one of the greatest cultures in the world and led to the creation of the British Empire in later centuries. The Netherlands had always been the Spanish territory closest to Charles's heart, and many noblemen wept during his speech. to France. From 1609 until 1614, between 300,000 and 350,000 Moriscos were forced to leave Spain. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. After. Charles felt he now had the right to move into Naples. Previously, Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the pope with the title "Defender of the Faith." He also invaded Provence, a region in southeast France, and areas of northern France. Nevertheless, Henry managed to recruit many able sea captains to go on his venture. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain The soldiers were equally angrynot at the pope but at Charlesbecause they had not received their wages. He surrendered to Charles in the Treaty of Barcelona. At the same time religious reformers, first in Germany and then in the Netherlands and Scandinavia, were leading a movement against the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The Spanish controlled the western route to the Indies around the southern tip of the Americas, and the Portuguese controlled the way east, around Africa. The reign of Louis's grandson, Philip IV (called Philip the Fair; 12681314; ruled 12851314), marked the supremacy of the French monarchy. In 1555 Charles officially turned rule of the Netherlands over to Philip. The most famous exploits were made by Elizabethan mariners John Hawkins and Francis Drake. The council ended its work by issuing a statement that upheld Catholic doctrine (religious rules), but it showed more tolerance of opposition. and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. In 1560 the Spanish attempted unsuccessfully to take Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from the Turks. Eventually feuds and dynastic (ruling family) disputes arose among the Muslims (see "Ottoman Empire" in Chapter 1). The Spanish lost 1,000 men. The Reformation had begun thirteen years earlier, just before Charles became king of Spain. Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. In 1536 Henry discovered that Anne had been unfaithful to him and he had her beheaded. At first all went well for Francis. The growing emphasis on capitalism and trade in Europe was probably the most influential factor in the drive for exploration. He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. During the first twenty years of Philip's reign, the Ottoman Empire was the most serious threat to Spanish world power. At Mhlberg, Germany, however, Charles won his greatest victory over Francis and the Lutheran princes. Gama's handling of the Samuri's diplomatic efforts was only a hint of the brutality later committed by the Portuguese invasion force in Asia and the Indies. By contrast, the Roman Catholic Church considered communion to be an actual partaking of the body and spirit of Christ. LifeAfter. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. Parr and Anne of Cleves outlived Henry, who died in 1547. In spite of the spectacular defeat of the Spanish Armada, which established English dominance of the seas, Elizabeth encountered problems in the final years of her reign. For instance, the English armies were commanded by French-speaking nobles and a Frenchspeaking king. The only lasting outcome of the meeting was a new translation of the Bible, which was prepared by both Anglican and Puritan scholars and published in 1611. He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. Philip was challenged by Edward III (13121377; ruled 132777) of England, whose mother was the daughter of Philip the Fair. In America, Spanish conquistadors had established courts of law in eight colonies, as well as three universities. The Franks began as a number of Germanic tribes that migrated from northern Europe into Gaul. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. troops at the famous Battle of the Spurs (1513), in which the French made a hasty retreat, leaving several towns in northern France under English control. The plan called for the Armada to sail from Lisbon, Portugal, into the English Channel. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. Iron. In 1621, however, Parliament reconvened in order to vote funds to aid Frederick V of Bohemia (15961632). 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rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom