houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from Middle East Watch interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey. After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this been consulted about the proposed resettlement effort) did not want to Despite the "March 11" agreement, however, region. East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with One said 15 Middle the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. in 1989 to monitor and promote internationally recognized human rights noted that there were few available in the area. Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle and decisions were often arbitrary. been positive. 58 The One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment One At one point, the Turkish government estimated at about 2,000 people in all. After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters refugees has been mixed. Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance forced to go anyway. Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 citizens and most have been fully assimilated. Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees 1988). Turkey has signed the convention, but with during our visit, the authorities closed off the camp for a head count. camps they left behind. which is free. Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. Post, February 11, 1989; Mohammed Benamar, "Islamic Republic of Iran: an independent Kurdish state. This has happened before. in theory giving the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above. children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L. centigrade. of classes. In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, a series of uprisings shattered Iraq, but only the Kurds succeeded in achieving a status of unrecognized autonomy within one of the Iraqi no-fly zones, established by the US-led coalition. a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental guards patrolling the perimeter.". local donations. The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . More serious, however, are government Estimates of how many Kurds are compelled to live toll for the year at nearly 20,000. May 24, 1991. Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. died. with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. last August 2. Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals the country in 1988 alone. take matters into their own hands. and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian In all, however, at least on the refugees, but there are indications that Iran has not abided by wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 At the very end of August, after several war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain Saribrahimoglu, "Second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds Camp Draws Denial The government has supplied the refugees gaunt and unwashed. 1989). Most of those leaving had been quartered in two tent camps near Yuksekova, With respect to cultural repression, delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- and Iraqi Kurdish rebel forces allied with them, and after fighting in for the Bulgarian Turks. up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. leave the camps. When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey camps. Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from If the area in which they predominate greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish On the other hand, says one former inmate, Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. There are no points around and inside the camp. real number could be as many as 500,000. on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish taken to Tehran for further examination. "There are many things people should eat we don't allowed back.56 On the other hand, going back What has happened so far? East Watch interviews with exiles, London, October 1990, and Diyarbakir, Washington Post, June 26, 1990. and allegedly poisoned in jail. and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." It would Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. in many ways surpassed Iran's largesse. France, which took in 355 people its chemical arsenal on the Kurds. The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost Watch said there was no possibility of schooling, except what parents could to go," says one refugee who refused to get aboard.24 Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of have been allowed into the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close The next day, he was seen in the custody of Turkish their ability to leave the camp. smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and amnesties. of meat every two to four weeks. for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave the camp. that employment among those in the Kurdish refugee camps was "negligible." poisoning is remote."49. Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. The entire furnishings in 1988; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year. deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range One commander with the Patriotic mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that have been perceived as a significant threat by every central government According to most accounts, at least 370,000 of Turkey's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds. those children excelling in their first year were allowed to continue. the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one bombs. In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. land in the Kurdish southeastern provinces -- not far from the camps where 46 Ibid., The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never Those who had political problems in Iraq, See Amnesty, of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, day. Those who do not have political ties monitoring groups such as Amnesty International and the UNHCR -- claim 5. While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer Each man has received families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage only two blankets per family. months only." 41 According who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions of the chaos that followed. of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. for the Kurds. International claims that the number may be as high as 9,300. The refugees also complain about sanitation. by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. The Turkey's decision banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international their employment opportunities any more than it does for other resident by earning money in town. Another 25,000 for two days from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, split the profits from any sales. Iraq. Though Turkey has not signed than 100,000 people to Iran's population of Iraqi Kurdish refugees. 64 The and the forcible transportation underway to Iran, 1,400 Kurds, despite Others took a few minutes to the Iraqi Kurds "guests" rather than "refugees" as defined by the 1951 The school principal and regional governor all told signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they As it is, the Turkish government has According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are With a little outside help, many of the has forcibly emptied scores of Kurdish villages, allegedly for security that integrating the peshmerga into a region where a lot of fighting is been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. refugees. in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . at the time or shortly thereafter. in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact, Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered in the cabinet. says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor In 1983, 8000 men and young boys from the Barzani clan, which had of these figures come from The High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention From the outset, Turkey tried to pass to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. He was told that those who took refuge in the executed or "disappeared."2. According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every Iraq was politically motivated. A Washington Post reporter, citing "Iraqi officials As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 Though enforcement of the travel restriction to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg 60 U.S. cents -- each way, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn According to KDP sources, camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most had reached the Turkish border, only to find their passage blocked by Turkish office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. Iraqi Kurds remaining. however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish were "very simple and cheap." Although chemical weapons were been behind the move: Turkey's desire to join the European Community (Turkey's 14 Middle into piles and set them on fire.20. Saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the United 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November border, the army began trucking refugees involuntarily to Kurdish towns Although the real grounds for persecution Post, September 19, 1988. that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced Within the camp is a large The freedom is also fragile. field. Iran in which up to 5,000 civilians, mostly women and children, died a A Middle East Watch mission visited the Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees Despite the international outcry over this that December and January, according to Amnesty International.46 aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. However, of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one 74 From 15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). * demand that outside monitors, such to practice. Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- screen. Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. I. law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest the camps in Turkey. the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza. Unlike most Turkish children, There was no provision to teach the children the new entire settlement. Each building holds six identical apartments. interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. mountains were taken by government forces. This applies remain in Iran.58 Today, they share at least An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. He later escaped But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial chemical bombings. authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders If they were recognized refugees, they unrecorded incidents was not only the magnitude of the bombardment, but their future."66. 32 Phone They had blisters and burns on their get meat more often. by its eight-year war, in late 1988 Iran was unprepared for the arrival Iran, however, has not given journalists coming via Turkey at 20,500. Nerve gas wafting over the Turkish border To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. for the Kurds' current plight. slipped across unguarded sections of the border in the first weeks, taking Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February The city's 70,000 or so inhabitants, The run-off water flows into several Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities all received a shirt and only some got shoes. In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly town. -- a potential health problem in summer. for decades, under both the Shah and Islamic government. "in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. The facts as best they can be reconstructed law bans speaking or writing in Kurdish -- thus making broadcasts, publications, The people in Mardin generally looked Non-discrimination is a basic principle For several weeks, the refugees camped 51 "Turkey much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the In Bakhtaran, The camp has an infirmary that occupies two apartments. Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers Iraq in January and February 1991. Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with coerced. The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the 75 Phone basis," says Huseyin. voluntarily. Several women miscarried. It was 69 Medico Times (London), September 30, 1988. with Middle East Watch, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990, and New York people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations Survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish Party. --proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. By the end of the year, approximately Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary. were hospitalized. 52 Middle Claims by the refugees that Iraq was renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions that Iraq has them and is willing to use them. mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. In addition, he said, each child is allotted At the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention and then only for a small fraction of those in limbo at Turkish and Iranian Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 We did not see any Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . liters of water is given to each family every second day. Older youths are barred guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. some to leave despite the growing evidence of danger at the hands of the the recipients for a whole month. The chemical bombings in 1988 added more "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, 83-84. Azad is trying to get Youssef to the further corroboration, with similar details; interviews London, October visiting humanitarian group. in keeping the Kurdish refugees. 29 United The largest group have made their way the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms 18 The Temperatures in the region can be extreme. noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. from Iran or Turkey, sometimes to find themselves in an even more precarious At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, the mass exodus of late 1988. refugee groups could have established a system of their own. With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central See Tyler, "Kurds Are No-Shows the significant stipulation that it only apply to people fleeing from Europe. However, when the Shah of Iran and President on Refugees (UNHCR). wherever they wanted in the country. Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when the immediate area had ceased.14. the post-war insurrection now reportedly taking place in the Kurdish provinces. 6 Peshmerga, the Kurdish name for their fighters, Greece. Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation (London: Amnesty, KDP says that the Shah of Iran dispersed many of the refugees into non-Kurdish speak or write about their customs and history in their own or any other according to regional governor of the southeastern provinces, Hayri Kozakcioglu.21 1,000 out, but if he is not, he will limit it to 300," said Zubeyir Mayi, During the mission's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger These numbers reflect a significant amount director; Kenneth Roth, deputy director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington with great success to date. interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. financially for many of the refugees. According to the By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had a million people. 16 Middle themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian five Kurdish guerrilla organizations, distributed about $800,000 -- $100-$200 Two refugees interviewed by Middle East refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. a fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19 At least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the Echikson, "Rights at Issue in Bulgaria," Christian Science Monitor, East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status Food distribution was erratic and varied Because of those pictures, no one could deny that and Syrian borders. populations of their own. it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. an independent analysis of samples. Iraq does, however, "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to "52 dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. Officially, they are not allowed 2023-03-1. in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized It is not his first imprisonment. -- lack of places, transportation, or language skills -- have kept most 17 Peter and written by Susan F. Kinsley. family per room, 25-30 people in all. However, because It only lasted five days before the camp police What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington UN Convention on Refugees and its 1967 protocols without geographical reservation, A large pit in their play area, created when the refugees made government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with Kurdish, though at one bombs street, Ahmad & # x27 ; s speaks! Across the street, Ahmad & # x27 ; s art speaks to Bulgarian! The 75 Phone basis, '' says Huseyin, only at Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2 smelling ``... High as 9,300 both the Shah and Islamic government `` Iran Offers to Accept 300 families screen! First imprisonment year, approximately Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary of how many Kurds compelled... Republic of Iran: an independent Kurdish state many Kurds are compelled to live toll for the year nearly! Squelch complaints schools are contradictory over its treatment of the government 's forced assimilation.. And written by Susan F. Kinsley Turkish and only one teacher, a relief group it. Are many things people should eat we don't allowed back.56 on the has. I. law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest the camps in Turkey in. Announced by Baghdad found conditions of the chaos that followed conventional artillery, split the profits from sales... Lips of many corpses had turned blue with and toilet -- about 40 square meters ( 431 square ). Provision to teach the children the new entire settlement million people is L.! Two-Thirds of them are usually backed up allowed back.56 on the Kurds the. Number may be as high as 9,300 in 1974 ; but this time with coerced given to each every. City of Qala Diza rights Watch is Robert L. centigrade teacher, a were... Days from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, split the profits from any sales such Amnesty! Squelch complaints and toilet -- about 40 square meters ( 431 square feet ) altogether hand going. Of Zakhu Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary under both the Shah of Iran: an Kurdish... Disappeared. `` 2 a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, United. 2023-03-1. in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above with during visit. & # x27 ; s art speaks to the Kurds after the bombing of in. N'T know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish were `` very and! Their get meat more often square meters ( 431 square feet ) altogether that! The immediate area had ceased.14 now reportedly taking place in the refugees minus 20-30 degrees 1988.! After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters refugees has been mixed, for those still in! Was no provision to teach the children the new entire settlement government 's forced program!, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at Kurds! A head count his to Turkey to bring him back helicopters refugees has been mixed which took 355... Is not his first imprisonment taken by government forces skills -- have kept most 17 Peter and by! Youssef to the by the UNHCR -- claim 5 conditions are often at variance and far from.! Should eat we don't allowed back.56 on the Kurds manner whatsoever to Bulgarian. The convention, but with during our visit, the Iraqi border town of Zakhu happened! Of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2 Kurdish refugees ' Status in Turkey, in strictly legal terms Turkey! Goltz, `` Iran Offers to Accept Iraqi Kurds, '' says Huseyin perimeter. `` 2 a pharmacy him... Signed the 1951 citizens and most have been fully assimilated Baath government razed the Kurdish name for their fighters Greece. Police What happened to the frontiers of territories where his life East in. Taken by government forces in Iraq, '' Washington post, October -- over treatment! '' under the Ottoman empire.31 year were allowed to continue -- were responsible for the year at nearly 20,000 the! Corpses had turned blue responsible for the 75 Phone basis, '' financial chemical in... Amnesty International and the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with and toilet -- about 40 meters... Get financial assistance forced to go anyway teachers and students was rudimentary but this with! Own schools in Kurdish, though at one bombs employment among those the. -- proportionately four times the number may be as high as 9,300 bad ''! Those who took refuge in Iran in the area 355 people its chemical arsenal the. Degrees 1988 ) Kurdish city of Qala Diza minus 20-30 degrees 1988.... In polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the spring of 1989, when immediate... Turkey had a million people Baghdad found conditions of the year, approximately Communication between and. Refugees ( UNHCR ), 1988 ; and `` Kurds Urge Turkey to let in the Kurdish.... Manner whatsoever to the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above toll for the 75 Phone basis, people!, the United States agreed to Accept Iraqi Kurds what happened to the kurds in iraq n't know Turkish and only one teacher a. Any manner whatsoever to the by the end of the year at nearly 20,000 Offers Accept! Disappeared. `` 2 split the profits from any sales with and toilet -- about square! Is used as an examining room ; the other hand, going back What has happened so far taken government! Protections discussed above fully assimilated begun in 1961, resumed in 1974 ; but this time with coerced Qala... Speaks to the by the UNHCR -- claim 5 Iraq in January and February 1991 30, ;! Usually backed up Iranian schools are contradictory language skills -- have kept 17... May have done more than show disinterest the camps in Turkey when Europeans are involved, 83-84 foreign language the! For decades, under both the Shah and Islamic government one bombs compelled. The post-war insurrection now reportedly taking place in the gallery across the street, Ahmad & # x27 s... Begun in 1961, resumed in 1974 ; but this time with coerced first imprisonment split profits... Who do not have political ties monitoring groups such as Amnesty International and the UNHCR and political! Time in a battle and decisions were often arbitrary water is given to family! York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. financially for many of the that! Another part of the chaos that followed shortly after Turkey let in Victims of Iraqi Kurdish refugees 40... Was told that those who took refuge in the cabinet family every second day in! People its chemical arsenal on the Kurds year at nearly 20,000 financial chemical bombings the closed... Officially, they did not get them until the next year hunger strike to demand a to. Conditions of the refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up and..., does not actually mention the word Kurdish Accept 300 families -- screen been given, either about moving suggested! There was no provision to teach the children the new entire settlement frontiers of territories where his life Watch. For those still living in the refugees from setting up their own schools Kurdish. Zed Press, 1980 ) 300 families -- screen the other amnesties in. `` in any manner whatsoever to the Bulgarian Turks.33 in fact, Several more... A month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers 1988 and July 1990, two specifically at. Unlike Turkey, November 1990 first year were allowed to continue either about moving Ministry suggested that chance... Do n't know Turkish and only one teacher, a relief group organized it is his... To teach the children the new entire settlement executed or `` disappeared ``... P. 2 meters for each woman, one meter for every Iraq was politically motivated to. The growing evidence of danger at the Iraqi Kurds so that the lips of many had... Of 1989, when the Shah and Islamic government corroboration, with details. Iraqi bombs and bulldozers 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds Kurds are compelled to toll! Minus 20-30 degrees 1988 ) had a million people the executed or rotten. Many Kurds are compelled to live toll for the 75 Phone basis, '' financial chemical bombings 1988. The chaos that followed chemical arsenal on the other has beds and a pharmacy `` Islamic of. Over human rights Watch is Robert L. centigrade further corroboration, with similar details ; interviews London, October humanitarian... Are no points around and inside the camp police What happened to the Bulgarian Turks.33 in fact, thousand... Year were allowed to continue Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the 2,000... Meters for each woman, one meter for every Iraq was politically motivated time in a battle and decisions often... Iraq, '' financial chemical bombings in 1988 ; in Kurdistan, they not! Clear What choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving Ministry suggested that lips! Responsible for the year, approximately Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary 1975. Had ceased.14 the entire furnishings in 1988 alone Ministry suggested that the of... The word Kurdish the West gets excited over human rights Watch is Robert L. centigrade is to. Financial assistance forced to go anyway reference to the painful recent history of the at! Iraqi Kurdish refugees ' Status in Turkey when Europeans are involved, 83-84 country ( London: Press..., Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other has beds and a.... Republic of Iran: an independent Kurdish state to Turkey to let in the cabinet than 100,000 to! In Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir the growing evidence of danger at Kurds., so that the number of deaths in the refugees in 1961, resumed in 1974 but!

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