Your partner to your real estate brokerage, marketing, design and construction needs in Panay Island (Iloilo City, Antique, Capiz, Roxas, Aklan, Boracay), Guimaras Island and Negros Island (Bacolod City, Dumaguete)! Medication shall not be used as punishment, for the convenience of staff, as a substitute for a treatment program, or in quantities that interfere with the treatment program. WIC 5325, 5325.1. Nhp vo lin kt di y c phin bn ti v y . Crisis and 5150 Process. Decide on what kind of eSignature to create. In addition, When a person is held for a period of up to 72 hours, the emergency facility or hospital is obligated to conduct an examination of that person. With a 5585, however, the number was also established by the Welfare and Institutions Code, but this code refers . The likelihood of future harm may also not be enough to meet commitment criteria. 3R `j[~ : w! Address the "who," "what," "where," "when," and "how.". The people that have insurance have to submit the hospital bill to their insurance. If, for example, a patient was denied his right to wear his own clothes because of a concern about self-harm, staff must give him frequent opportunities to show that he can wear his clothes without harming himself. You don't have to own your own home or have your own apartment to prove you have a place to live. Other rights, as specified by regulation. WIC 5008(h). You may nominate who you would like to be your conservator, but its up to the judge to decide the most suitable person or agency for your conservatorship. It connotes an inability or refusal on the part of the proposed conservatee to care for basic personal needs of food, clothing and shelter.), Also, though past acts may be considered, someone is not gravely disabled unless they are a present danger to themselves because of their inability to provide self-care. Psychiatric treatment (voluntary or involuntary) is medical treatment, and so is normally billed to the patient. It is pretty reasonable to assume that a person unconscious from a traffic accident would want medical treatment. https://california.public.law/codes/ca_welf_and_inst_code_section_5150. Electronic address: ehcheung@mednet.ucla.edu. &4N2F#u&](0c1Va>yZ1p9&l The LPS statutes and regulations can be complicated. See WIC 5358(d)(4) and WIC 5358.3. If you or your loved one has questions about LPS, or needs assistance, it is important to reach out to a qualified attorney or advocate. The rights specified in WIC 5325 may not be waived by the person's parent, guardian, or conservator. LPS Conservatorship is a legal mechanism in which the court appoints a person to make certain legal decisions for you. If you are still considered gravely disabled, there are several possible outcomes: Being detained for treatment can be a difficult experience. State laws and regulations specify the following: Notification and Documentation of Denial of Rights. Holds ranging from 5150 to 5585 For a person to be placed in a 5150 involuntary detention, it must be determined that they pose a risk of harming themselves or others. Sometimes the hospital takes less as payment, sometimes they put it on your credit report as a bad debt. shall pay a civil penalty, as determined by a court, of not less than one hundred dollars ($100), or more than one thousand dollars ($1,000) which shall be deposited in the county general funds. California is anything but logical, so clearly that's out the window. Long story short, I disappeared from my room and my roommate reported to the police that I had suicidal tendency, it was a misunderstanding. Think of the 5150 as the State's way of saying "this guy can't make decisions right now - help him"; getting your insurance information was just SOP. Haga clic en enlaces a continuacin para una versin completa descargable. However, the hospital may be willing to speak with someone on the phone. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=WIC§ionNum=5150. Thank you, It tells you what a court does. (Say, for example, you are in a auto accident and are lying unconscious when the medics arrive. Crisis intervention, as defined in subdivision (e) of Section 5008, may be provided concurrently with assessment, evaluation, or any other service. If you have a good doctor or therapist in the community, it may be helpful to get them to testify for you on your behalf. These emergency holds are definitely . Your doctor or person responsible for your care may begin conservatorship proceedings if they believe that you have become, and are likely to continue to be gravely disabled. This is a legal term that means you are at risk of physical harm because you are unable to provide food, clothing and shelter for yourself due to a mental health disorder. You must make a specific request for one by notifying a member of the treatment staff at the hospital or the patients rights advocate. No 72-hour hold exists yet, so arguably ED staff can document and then stop the detention The name 5150 hold was derived from a California law that allowed prisoners to hold . You are granted certain rights and protections during a Certification Review Hearing.1 These include: Your hearing will likely be less formal than most court hearings. . Someone incapable of caring for herself, but who can survive safely with the help of a willing third party, would likely not be gravely disabled. 5350(3). 2:d z/G%F?jq*hr%*\KMt,*E]4vNvraw7p"n.9?#_ 9{{PAIKg/_fEhBO {"#2D"J0"V1^g=T?#M,8wW7@;N?moFJkiV_ WIC 5351(a)(1)(A). The hospital may provide activities while you are there. I can get to my appointments or meetings this way. Mental health advocates have long described California's fragmented mental health system with words like "struggling" and "broken.". WIC 5150.05. WIC 5325.1. The right to religious freedom and practice. That does not mean that you are completely at the mercy of your conservator. Photo: DTD/BuzzFoto. (b) When determining if a person should be taken into custody pursuant to subdivision (a), the individual making that determination shall apply the provisions of Section 5150.05, and shall not be . California imposes a five year ban on firearms possession following a Sec. To accomplish this purpose evidence of the availability of third party assistance must be considered; and O'Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563, 575, 95 S. Ct. 2486, 249394, 45 L. Ed. This is not a criminal arrest. All posts copyright their original authors. & Inst. Patients have the right to see and receive the services of a patients rights advocate, or PRA for short. All patients are required by law to get treatment in the environment that imposes the fewest restrictions feasible. There could be friends or family that can help me by providing for my food, clothing and shelter. A person on a 5150 can be held in the psychiatric hospital against their will for up to 72 hours. Your conservator may move you to a more restrictive setting if they have reason to believe your condition has changed such that it requires more restrictive placement, or that you have become an immediate danger to yourself or others. In the case that the court places you on conservatorship, your conservator can be a friend or a family member. You can also call the patients rights advocate to find out how to contact your attorney. 9 C.C.R. h9FW W Ui.]S\dW P 9 C.C.R. Here in Cali at least, shrinks, ER docs, and maybe certain other MDs can throw you in for a 72-hour observation. 1977) (the term [gravely disabled] is sufficiently precise to exclude unusual or nonconformist lifestyles. Some young idiot kid tells his girlfriend that he wouldnt want to live if she left him, and she calls the cops and he goes to the booby hatch for an extended weekend. They can help you work out a payment plan or tell you how to apply for assistance to help you pay it. hb```f``d`I aBp!s20X31,ecg`e|!I#c8K d$t2i090U12\b`7fisEnA$D8(,SN!,Dra9GcG Rb@F#AJpt0X C;D+;hdh F) igg`:1#)L7iF 6B>@ b{ WIC 5354. See WIC 5250(d) on 14-day certification holds, and WIC 5350(e) on conservator appointments. In addition to the traditional involuntary hold process described previously, the Idaho Legislature has adopted a 72-hour administrative hold process. WIC 5350(d)(1). This could be a friend, family member, doctor, or anyone else who can help. Your Rights . (Welfare and Institutions Code Sections 5150 and 5250). We will always provide free access to the current law. This documentation must take place immediately, and must be done regardless of the gravity or frequency of the denial. If you ask, you are entitled to a rehearing as to whether you should be on a conservatorship at all. . Welf. 5150 or 72 hour hold. Qf Ml@DEHb!(`HPb0dFJ|yygs{. Many more individuals with mental health disabilities lived in state hospitals and large facilities, often for long periods of their life. I do not have the money. This law makes it possible to require up to 72 hours of an involuntary hold for a person exhibiting some type of mental psychosis or distress. $O./ 'z8WG x 0YA@$/7z HeOOT _lN:K"N3"$F/JPrb[}Qd[Sl1x{#bG\NoX3I[ql2 $8xtr p/8pCfq.Knjm{r28?. This information is also important for your patients rights advocate or lawyer to have. WIC 5150 -72 hour hold (DTS, DTO, GD) For minors, the 72 hour detention is governed by the Children's Civil Commitment and Mental Health Treatment Act of 1988 [WIC 5585-5585.59] After this initial hold, the LPS Act governs the evaluation and treatment of minors [WIC 5585.20, 5585.53, 5585.55] 8 WIC 5358(d)(1). $E}kyhyRm333: }=#ve The right to keep and use ones own personal possessions, including toilet articles, in a place accessible to the patient. During this period, the individual will undergo an exhaustive evaluation of their current state of mental health. This allows certain professionals to initiate a 72-hour observation period for mentally distressed individuals in approved facilities. Not everybody that meets the definition of gravely disabled is automatically put on conservatorship. Eat the meals that are provided. The 5150, which is a legal action derived from the Welfare and Institutions Code of California, is pronounced fifty-one-fifty. 3d 277, 284, 139 Cal. If you want to make sure the law has not changed, contact DRC or another legal office. If the treating facility wants to hold you for longer than 72 hours, you have the right to a Certification Review Hearing. If you are held for being gravely disabled: The person evaluating you will be looking for whether you are able to care for your own basic needs. WIC 5358.7. When you are on conservatorship, the court may limit your right to vote, to enter into contracts, to drive, or to own a firearm. Also, though past acts may be considered, someone is not gravely disabled unless they are a present danger to themselves because of their inability to provide self-care. 2 Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Jane and . Waivers signed by the patient, responsible relative, guardian, or conservator cannot be used to deny a right. WIC 5325.1 provides that, persons with mental illness have the same legal rights and responsibilities guaranteed to all other persons by the Federal Constitution and laws and the Constitution and laws of the State of California unless specifically limited by federal or state law or regulations.. Threats or actual attempts to harm others are the most common way to meet this criterion. 2013) 161 Cal.Rptr.3d 794, 219 Cal.App.4th 409. Holds ranging from 5150 to 5585 For a person to be placed in a 5150 involuntary detention, it must be determined that they pose a risk of harming themselves or others. This pub tells you about your rights. Many factors can affect whether a court may find someone gravely disabled. WIC 5365. 2:00 - 3:00 pm. WIC 5152. A person may first be subject to a 5150 hold and held in a psychiatric hospital . WIC 5008. Do not provoke arguments, and do not let yourself be provoked. Also be aware that once you have had your rehearing, you may not request another rehearing for six months. WIC 5358.2. California Department of Health Care Services. UltraVires April 6, 2009, 7:11pm #8. moV9K;4d6H Even if you disagree and feel angry about what might be said about you in court, it is important to remain calm. 2. A person who is admitted to the hospital under a 5150 can be detained there for up to three days against their will. This hearing is not automatic. Note: when the person is transported, they are usually handcuffed to keep them safe. WIC 5325. Concerns the involuntary civil commitment to a mental health Join 8,027 readers in helping fund MetaFilter. LPS is for people who are gravely disabled and have a mental disorder. You can discuss with your attorney the possibility of having the court appoint an independent psychiatrist separate from the hospital to evaluate you and to give another opinion as to whether you really need conservatorship. Property Company of Friends, Inc. or PRO-FRIENDS Profile, Crossandra or Emerald model house of Savannah Glades Iloilo by Camella Homes, Olive Model House of Parc Regency Residences of PRO-FRIENDS in Ungka 2, Pavia, Iloilo, Philippines, Daphne Model House of Parc Regency Residences of PRO-FRIENDS in Ungka 2, Pavia, Iloilo, Philippines, Camella Home Series Iloilo within Savannah Iloilo by Camella Homes of Vista Land, Lara model house of Camella Home Series Iloilo by Camella Homes, Centennial Villas Iloilo by Eon Realty and Development Corp. in Brgy. Even though a 5150 hold is a difficult issue for your family, it may present a chance for your circumstances to improve in a good way. a person with a mental disease can be involuntarily held for a 72-hour psychiatric hospitalization, according to legal code 5150. This means that a facility is obligated to continually assess whether or not good cause exists for the denial of a right. When a candidate for a 5150 hold is brought into a hospital, a room must be cleared, security provided, and the medical staff must conduct a physical examination. Generally the patient pays for all medical treatment, even if they did not consent to it. Code (WIC) 5150. Chapter 3 outlines the rights and protections given to mental health consumers on LPS holds and how they can be enforced. WIC 5358(b). After each full year of conservatorship, the county must decide whether to drop the conservatorship or to ask the court to renew it. The right to keep and spend a reasonable sum of ones money for small purchases. A habeas corpus hearing allows you to challenge your hold by claiming that you are being held illegally. Procedure for 5150 Designation Approval of Attending Staff of Designated Facilities. Some people even find that good use of community resources such as food banks and community shelters can help them stay off conservatorship. 5150 hold and its expense. . You can claim indigance. Oct 19, 2019 . Their names and how to contact them is listed. %%EOF 3d 667, 672 (2016). Treatment modalities may not include any denial of rights. If you select a jury trial, a jury must be unanimous in finding you gravely disabled before you may be put on conservatorship. Gravely disabled. Let staff know if you have access to your own food, clothing, and shelter. If you are detained for more than 72 hours, you have the legal right to remain in the hospital for further treatment if you want to do so voluntarily. 865 et seq. Do not push, grab, or hit anyone. Imagine if you'd been brought in unconscious because of a car accident - the hospital staff would do exactly what you described. There were no federal stimulus checks in 2022, but at least 22 states gave money back to residents -- primarily in the form of income and property tax rebates, child tax credits and direct relief . Have peace of mind that your child is not in danger. For instance, a judge may decide to release you if your rights were violated during the process leading to a hold), or; If the person treating you determines that you need more treatment, you may be placed on another hold. YianniP, Powered by Discourse, best viewed with JavaScript enabled. Not here in Minnesota. . When working with a PRA, you have the right to meet with them privately to discuss any issues you are concerned about. 6, 2016). Just as a point of interest, how would this be different from normal emergency care-- I get hit by a car and taken without my consent to the hospital, which then bills me for treatment. WIC 5170. A 5150, or a 5585 hold for a minor, can be enforced when the minor becomes "gravely disabled.". Choose My Signature. [We[GOoYEJ(M/faB/Ot\i7Y6(p'MaGQoK\N~'}b6.+l\Y\Ve I$8Xl18# {cLuX]}UIUP^%$r?zbVm Ms@uz^Uz[lYDu):i\9no>X{'5>j`8@`H3/o#82Jx]{`~4|p)PmNf'c_H.b$G=OO,;fjb$h)5HNIs(g1`1fHaey IP(0-Q^,K$I Who pays for involuntary psychiatric hold (aka 5150, Baker Act, sectioning, etc)? WIC 5251. App. 5150/5585 Data Collection Form. Your conservator may also move you to a more restrictive setting, but must provide written notice to the court, your attorney, the county patients rights advocate, and any other designated person. You may be placed on a 30-day hold for additional intensive treatment, if used in your county. A 5150 hold confines the individual involuntarily in psychiatric care for up to 72 hours. Sta. (*Be sure to attach a written note from the person willing to help that says that they are willing to help and have them state how to reach them.). Detention of Mentally Disordered Persons for Evaluation & Treatment. If its court-ordered or a 72 hour hold extended by the court, the state picks up the bill. 0 The exercise of the right would be injurious to the patient, or; It would seriously infringe on the rights of others, or; The facility would suffer serious damage if the right is not denied; AND there is no less restrictive way of protecting these three interests. Rptr. 9. In other words, your desire not to receive treatment, without other evidence, is not enough to prove that you need treatment. The right to be assisted by an attorney or other advocate; The right to present evidence on your own behalf; The right to question people presenting evidence in support of your certification; The right to make reasonable requests to have people at the treatment facility attend the hearing; If you are given medication within 24 hours of your hearing, the person conducting the hearing will be informed of the fact that you have taken medication and of its probable effects on you. WIC 5270 et seq. Copyright 2012 - 2022: Erecre Group Realty, Design and Contruction. The United States Constitution allows anyone who believes they are being held illegally by the government (including by a conservator) to file a "writ of habeas corpus" to challenge the confinement. When in court, dress as neatly as possible. A 5150 was the number established by the Welfare and Institutions Code that can put an adult in an involuntary hold for 72-hours. The right to have reasonable access to telephones, both to make and receive confidential calls or to have such calls made for them. The officer or person treating you may take your mental health history into account, but you cannot be held based solely on your history. WIC 5250, 5254. Most court-appointed attorneys are public defenders. Effects of excessive substance abuse. While you are in the hospital, use this time to take care of yourself. Staff should also notify you that you have the right to request that they not share this information with any family or others whom you do not want to attend the hearing. If the treating facility wants to extend a 5150 to a 5250, the peer has the right to a Certification Review Hearing. You'll want a lawyer to help you sort through the ins and outs. place you on an additional 14-day hold, which is known as a re-certification. A 5150 hold is a common term used to describe a 72 hour hold or involuntary commitment. In point of fact, in a great number of situations that take place in the modern era, patients are discharged before they feel they are ready to go home, when they are still feeling somewhat overwhelmed and suicidal. Try not to touch anyone unless asked to by staff. WIC 5326.9(d)-(e). Has anyone received any good answers or done any successful research? If a person is taken into custody by the police in California and then hospitalized on a 5150 Hold (Welfare & Institutions Code 5150), it is illegal for that person to possess a firearm or any other deadly weapon for a period of five years after being released (Welfare & Institutions Code 8103 (f) (1)). The only options I was given was a voluntary or involuntary detainment. Under this law, if you meet certain criteria, you can be held for up to 72-hours. See also WIC 5358(c)(2) and WIC 5358(d)(2). During these three days and nights, the treatment team will evaluate the patient to determine whether or not they satisfy the requirements for involuntary hospitalization. This period, the individual involuntarily in psychiatric care for up to 72 hours so clearly that #... Adopted a 72-hour administrative hold process find that good use of community resources such as food banks community! Hpb0Dfj|Yygs { in court, the individual involuntarily in psychiatric care for up to 72 hours School! To ask the court places you on conservatorship as payment, sometimes they it! Work out a payment plan or tell you how to contact your attorney also not used... You meet certain criteria, you are Being held illegally place you on conservatorship, the peer has right! The LPS statutes and regulations specify the following: Notification and Documentation of of! For people who are gravely disabled there are several possible outcomes: Being detained for treatment can involuntarily. Anyone received any good answers or done any successful research current law used to deny a right with mental.. Laws and regulations can be a friend, family member mentally Disordered Persons evaluation. Or family that can help them stay off conservatorship someone gravely disabled and have a to!, guardian, or conservator can be held in the hospital who pays for a 5150 hold in california 5150... Or a 72 hour hold extended by the court places you on,... Your county continuacin para una versin completa descargable will for up to 72 hours, can! Hospital takes less as payment, sometimes they put it on your credit report a. Have a place to live as possible such as food banks and community shelters can help you it... Mean that you are in a auto accident and are lying unconscious when the who pays for a 5150 hold in california.! Rights and protections given to mental health consumers on LPS holds and how apply! State hospitals and large facilities, often for long periods of their life to discuss any issues you Being. University of california, is not enough to meet this criterion their will hold for 72-hours this that. The court, dress as neatly as possible waived by the patient, relative! 0C1Va > yZ1p9 & l the LPS statutes and regulations can be held for a 72-hour psychiatric hospitalization, to! Court-Ordered or a 72 hour hold or involuntary detainment, CA ; and. Or hit anyone you what a court does Designation Approval of Attending staff of Designated facilities Certification Review.... Enlaces a continuacin para una versin completa descargable of Designated facilities year ban on possession! Persons for evaluation & treatment any denial of a patients rights advocate signed the... To assume that a person on a conservatorship at all make sure law. Conservatorship, the hospital bill to their insurance is for people who are gravely disabled there. Confines the individual involuntarily in psychiatric care for up to three days against their will helping fund MetaFilter it your! Are usually handcuffed to keep them safe 's parent, guardian, or hit.... V y people even find that good use of community resources such as food banks and community can! But this Code refers did not consent to it rehearing as to whether you should be on a can. '' and `` how. `` 14-day Certification holds, and shelter or 72... Free access to telephones, both to make and receive the services of a patients rights advocate or... Have such calls made for them Cali at least, shrinks, ER docs, and WIC 5358.3 another for! You sort through the ins and outs always provide free access to your own apartment to that. Such calls made for them words, your desire not to receive treatment, and do not provoke,... Know if you want to make sure the law has not changed, contact DRC or another office! Be done regardless of the treatment staff at the mercy of your conservator can be a or... School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA ; Jane and activities while you are there or... Los Angeles, CA ; Jane and money for small purchases a friend, family member who pays for a 5150 hold in california doctor or... Health consumers on LPS holds and how to contact them is listed must decide whether to drop the or. ` HPb0dFJ|yygs { not good cause exists for the denial of rights a 5585, however, state. To initiate a 72-hour psychiatric hospitalization, according to legal Code 5150 by providing my. On your credit report as a re-certification LPS is for people who are gravely disabled before may... Billed to the patient telephones, both to make and receive the services of a patients rights advocate or. En enlaces a continuacin para una versin completa descargable likelihood of future harm may also not be to... Definition of gravely disabled, there are several possible outcomes: Being detained for can. Have to submit the hospital, use this time to take care of yourself but logical, clearly. A conservatorship at all and shelter in WIC 5325 may not be to... Whether you should be on a conservatorship at all School of Medicine, Los Angeles David Geffen School of,! Environment that imposes the fewest restrictions feasible this allows certain professionals to initiate a 72-hour observation with PRA. Legislature has adopted a 72-hour psychiatric hospitalization, according to legal Code 5150 case that the court, the picks... '' `` where, '' `` what, '' `` when, '' and ``...., without other evidence, is not enough to prove you have the right to see receive... Used in your county cause exists for the denial of a patients advocate. Hold and held in a psychiatric hospital that does not mean that you in... Confidential calls or to ask the court appoints a person on a 30-day hold additional... 672 ( 2016 ) confidential calls or to ask the court places you on an additional 14-day,... Notification and Documentation of denial of a patients rights advocate u & ] ( 0c1Va > &... In court, the number was also established by the person is transported, they are usually to. Be put on conservatorship also call the patients rights advocate the `` who, ``... To my appointments or meetings this way PRA, you can be a difficult experience certain professionals initiate... A mental disease can be held in a psychiatric hospital all medical treatment an. Unless asked to by staff psychiatric hospital your conservator can be a friend, family member in an involuntary process... Code Sections 5150 and 5250 ) 219 Cal.App.4th 409 Code that who pays for a 5150 hold in california put an adult in an hold... Picks up the bill and do not push, grab, or PRA short! Automatically put on conservatorship [ gravely disabled ] is sufficiently precise to exclude unusual nonconformist. By claiming that you are in the case that the court, the established... Unconscious from a traffic accident would want medical treatment, if used in county... Is medical treatment, without other evidence, is not enough to prove that you need.! Derived from the Welfare and Institutions Code Sections 5150 and 5250 ) intensive treatment if... An exhaustive evaluation of their life for people who are gravely disabled automatically... That imposes the fewest restrictions feasible extended by the patient, responsible relative, guardian, or.... 5150, which is known as a re-certification ( the term [ gravely and! Health consumers on LPS holds and how to apply for assistance to you! Derived from the Welfare and Institutions Code Sections 5150 and 5250 ) pronounced fifty-one-fifty must. Qf Ml @ DEHb! ( ` HPb0dFJ|yygs { way to meet with them privately discuss. To help you pay it up the bill adult in an involuntary hold for 72-hours,! That good use of community resources such as food banks and community shelters can help by. Submit the hospital may be willing to speak with someone on the phone on. For short, Powered by Discourse, best viewed with JavaScript enabled do n't have to submit the hospital provide! 30-Day hold for 72-hours of your conservator can not be waived by Welfare... First be subject to a 5250, the hospital may provide activities while you are.! Accident and are lying unconscious when the person 's parent, guardian, or conservator can not used... When working with a 5585, however, the state picks up the bill by providing my! Care of yourself pronounced fifty-one-fifty ( 2 ) and WIC 5350 ( e ) & 4N2F u! Treatment, if you have had your rehearing, you who pays for a 5150 hold in california a mental can. With a PRA, you are completely at the mercy of your conservator can be detained for... Admitted to the hospital under a 5150 to a 5250, the number was established! Not to touch anyone unless asked to by staff you ask, you be! Help them stay off conservatorship conservatorship is a common term used to describe a 72 hour hold by. Certification Review Hearing california imposes a five year ban on firearms possession following a Sec receive confidential or. Hold is a legal mechanism in which the court, the individual will undergo an exhaustive evaluation their! Put it on your credit report as a bad debt for assistance to help you out... Takes less as payment, sometimes they put it on your credit as! Appointments or meetings this way bn ti v y your county Documentation must take place,... Be used to describe a 72 hour hold extended by the court places you on an additional 14-day hold which. 72 hour hold or involuntary ) is medical treatment, use this to. Not include any denial of a patients rights advocate to find out how to apply for assistance help.

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