california police stress retirement

The San Jose Police and Fire Retirement Planreported1,953 individuals receiving a pension benefit for the 2013 fiscal year; the data analyzed here are for the 1,571 participants who retired between 1984 and 2013 with 20 years or more of service. Checks with workers compensation case manager to see if employee has current claim(s) and coordinates the termination of industrial disability leave (IDL) benefit payments upon approval of disability retirement. Officers also earn a monthly pay differential based on the years they have worked.Add an additional: The Department provides comprehensive medical, dental, and vision health care plans for officers and their dependents. Note: If the disability retirement is denied, the employee will not have mandatory return to work rights. The LAFPP and other local safety pension plans such as the San Diego City Employees Retirement System (SDCERS) offer one of the most substantial forms of these additional benefits through a program known as a deferred retirement option plan, also known as DROP. The RPOAC Board of Directors is asking all members of the RPOAC to click on the link below to read the details of this data breach and please complete and submit the associated form. ; 78 Op.Atty.Gen. To provide thebest insurance options available for our members. Please take time to provide us with any changes to your contact information so that we can continue to provide you with current news and benefits information. But the DROP program is a striking example of how reports that only reference base pensions are not representative of what total retirement benefits often will include. The table below only shows base pension as that was the only data made available by CalPERS for the 2012 year. The table below only shows base pension because the San Jose Police and Fire Retirement Plan did not release information on health benefits or any other potential supplemental benefits. Ring has an MBA in Finance from the University of Southern California, and a BA in Political Science from UC Davis. Regardless of your occupation or critical incident PolicePTSD.com / PolicePTSI.com and it's members can help. As a member of RPOAC you will be eligible to utilize any of numerous insurance plans and benefits. The meeting was adjourned and the Board will schedule their next meeting for this coming Spring. However, the inclusions of these benefits are vital to any comprehensive analysis that wishes to accurately represent the true value of these benefits. But in the face of ballooning costs to Californias taxpayers to maintain pension solvency, it is also appropriate that anyone involved in discussions regarding reform be aware of justhow much public safety officers currently receive in total retirement benefits. Police officers are afforded special workers compensation benefits as public employees. Notifies the Employee ResourceLiaison (ERL) when an employee files for disability retirement. CCW Safe was founded by former police officers and attorneyswhohave all worked on local,and federal levels of law enforcement. 01-15-2011, 08:17 AM. There are people out there that think they have stressful jobs. To access the "Members Only" area you must contact our Executive Director, Dennis Wright to receive your access password. In fairness to California's public employees, the average pension drawn by last year's retirees was a more reasonable $38,000. Elections for President and Treasurer were held and both positions were retained by their current holders. Peace officers, including honorably retired peace officers, are exempted from Californias general prohibition against carrying concealed and loaded firearms, so long as they meet certain annual training requirements. . If you're considering an early retirement from the department, you'll want to make sure you're financially prepared. If the new contract requires a local system transfer, your agency must pay a one-time administrative fee of $2,100. The Chapter meetings will be held in even-numbered years to coincide with Director elections. Gathers and provides all information and forwards to the Classification and Pay (C&P) Analyst. In August 2020, we surveyed 1,355 active duty law enforcement officers. In addition, see section 420 of the Personnel Management Policy and Procedures Manual(PMPPM) for the State Personnel Boards (SPB) guidelines. Gen. Op. They are committed to improving the working conditions of law enforcement officers and the safety of those they serve through education, legislation, information, community involvement, and employee representation. The one year of full salary for California police officers is often called Labor Code 4850 Benefits., After the one-year period, police officers are entitled to receive temporary disability benefits if you still cant work.7, However, a police officer cannot get both 4850 benefits and disability benefits at the same time.8. View Previous Versions of the California Code. (b) Any peace officer employed by an agency and listed in Section 830.1 or 830.2 or subdivision (c) of Section 830.5 who retired after January 1, 1981, shall have an endorsement on the officer's identification certificate stating that the issuing agency approves the officer's carrying of a concealed and loaded firearm. Under PEPRA the maximum pensionable income for a safety employee not receiving Social Security is $136,440. Any injured worker is only entitled to 104 weeks of aggregate disability payments within a five-year period of each injury.9 This means an injured worker can only get two years of temporary disability benefits in total for each injury. You can always appeal any decision as to workers compensation benefits in California. Typically these discussions center on a pensions systems funding ratio, which represents the percentage of the funds liabilities that are offset by the value of their assets. Based on a salary of $78,000 a year, Nicole earns $1,500 a week. Additionally, retirees with less than 20 years of service credit are collecting pensions that are disproportionately smaller than those with 25 years or more. Officer's are entitled to an annual uniform allowance of $920. Officers receive a stipend equal to 3.5% of their base pay to compensate for pre-and post-shift activities. Average Total Retirement Benefits byYears of Service and Year of Retirement. Although it is preferred, you don't have to live in the Chapter to be the Director. $145,666cap on pensionable salary (adjusts with inflation). Copyright 2023 Retired Peace Officers Association of California Escapade WordPress theme by. Certain medical conditions are presumed to be related to an officers line of work. CCW Safe was founded to offer similar coverages to what we received while serving our communities as active police officers. Definitely recommend! It turns out, stress and depression during retirement are pretty normal. Do they "deserve" the sum the average California teacher makes, plus $32,000? The following tips can help. An appeal, if filed, should set forth the factual basis and legal authorities for such appeal (explain the basis for the appeal). Ct. App. As can be seen, when including the value of the employer provided health insurance, the average post-1999 retiree with 30 years of service collects a pensions and benefit package in excess of $100,000. "Firefighter typically work 56 hours per week and earn 40% less per hour." A doctor found an injury to his heart. To cite one example: This issue is another example of the public employee problem that confronts the American left. Another question that should be asked is why public safety employees are incentivized to retire after 25 or 30 years. Here are just 4 reasons why cops get to retire "so young." Stress You would think that this one would be a no brainer. 2.1 Are the befits included in the limitation on temporary disability? These calculations are made by dividing the average annual pension for a CalPERS participant in 2012, $30,456, by the average years of service, 19.93. If you answered yes to any of these, you should consider becoming a Director with RPOAC! Debates over whether or not Californias public sector pension funds are solvent quickly boil down to debates over fundamental assumptions regarding future events, that, depending on how optimistic or pessimistic they are, can have exponential consequences. These aren't idle questions, given the public safety worker retirements we can expect in the near future. The employee or designated representative and/or employer may appeal the decision by filing a written request with PERS within 30 days of the mailing of the determination letter. You will also need to provide the employees social security number and name. CalPERS, with the largest and hence probably the most representative dataset, reports base pensions to average $99,908for public safety officers retiring in the last five years with 30+ years experience; for retirees with 25-30 years experience, the average base pension was$82,926 if they retired in the last five years. Each of these sets of data have three vertical bars, representing participants who worked 20-25 years, 25-30 years, and over 30 years. This study used 2013 data, also received from LAFPP, but not yet posted. As can be seen, the amounts go up every year, that is, the more recently a participant retired, the bigger their pension. 1997). Appeals Bd., 126 Cal. Appeals Bd. Permanent disability is when your condition is not going to change, and you have a permanent loss of ability. 4% of base pay for motorcycle enforcement duty. Disclaimer: Aleshire & Wynder, LLP legal alerts are not intended as legal advice. This amount is multiplied by 30 to show what a . We help injured victims to recover these damages. "It's frustrating." [iii], An honorably retired peace officer is one who has qualified for, and has accepted, a service or disability retirement, but not one who has agreed to a service retirement in lieu of termination. He is off work for one year and gets the full-salary benefits. Perhaps most concerning is that officers in the 5- to 10-year range reported feeling trapped or hopeless about their job more frequently when compared to those in the zero to 4-year range. The potential savings of this program similar in rationale to pension obligation bonds is that the pension fund returns during the same period will exceed 5% earnings guaranteed the pensioner. overtime per month. lower back injuries (if theyve been a police officer for at least five years and were required to wear a duty belt. The topic of public sector pensions quite rightly emphasizes the issue of financial sustainability, given the inherent long term nature of pension benefits. The table below only shows base pension, even though the LAFPP has provided benefits and DROP data that will be summarized in the table following this one. Because these vital positions must be permanently filled,for every retiree who only worked a few years, earning a proportionately smaller pension, there must be additional hires who will also be collecting a partial pension. (including those who established CalPERS membership prior to January 1, 2013, and who are hired by a different CalPERS employer after January 1, 2013, after a break in service of greater than six months.). This means that any savings gained from pension reforms to-date will not be realized for 20 years or more. [v] Gore v. Yolo County District Attorneys Office, 213 Cal.App.4th 1487, 1493 (Cal. [iv] A former peace officer may fall into one of three categories: resigned, terminated, or retired, depending upon the exact and sometimes technical nature of their departure. [xxxi] See Conn. Atty. The employee must be substantially incapacitated from the performance of duty. If their disability is the result of a job-related illness or injury, and they are a local or state safety member, state peace officer/firefighter, state industrial member, state patrol member, or local miscellaneous member whose employer contracts for this benefit, they may be entitled to an industrial disability retirement. Works with supervisor who will provide copy of employees current duties and determines if job duties have or should be modified to accommodate disability. Upon graduation from the CHP Academy cadets are promoted to the rankof Officer. Skilled officers can participate in training, management, administration, intelligence work, investigations, and logistical support they might even oversee and operate the many automated systems such as micro drones that are inevitably going to become a vital resource for public safety agencies. When PTSD and other psychological. California Public Employees Retirement System (CALPERS), appeal any decision as to workers compensation benefits in California, workers compensation benefits as public employees, workers compensation claims by Nevada police officers, County of Alameda v. Workers Comp. What I insist is that compensation and work rules in the public sector offer numerous glaring examples of dysfunction. the california legislature passed assembly bill 703 in september 2013 to address the issue of retired reserve peace officers, and the law became effective january 1, 2014. She can receive full pay for one year. If employee is receiving IDL injury benefits, notifies the State Compensation Insurance Fund (SCIF) of effective date of employees disability retirement. Robert has had a remarkably successfully poker career including two top 10 World Series of Poker finishes. Californian should Privacy Policy. Has the CA DOJ CCW Data Breach Affected You? RPOAC Board meets for Annual Membership Meeting in Reno. We serve those who serve California. Law enforcement officers (LEOs) often face extreme pressure and stress that can take a toll over time. Refers to the disability retirement application forms and is able to assist the employee on which forms need to be completed and where to submit them. Eligibility The officer also failed to report the charges to the department, as required. Any time spent as a reserve peace officer in a role other than level I reserve officer prior to January 1, 1997 may not count towards the aggregate term requirement. Each block represents a five year range of retirement years, starting with 1984-1988, and proceeding in five year increments to the three columns on the far right, representing participants who retired in the years 2009-2013. A Long Beach assistant police chief who went on sick leave while he was being investigated by the city manager has filed for stress-related disability retirement. If WCAB agrees with you, you apply with CalPERS for a disability retirement. In a regular workers compensation injury, the employer is only responsible for the portion of the injury caused by work.33 However in the case where one of the above medical conditions applies to a California police officer, all of the injury is presumed to be from work.34. Translate this website to your preferred language: California Commission on Disability Access, Office of Business and Acquisition Services, Disability Retirement Election Application, Physical Requirements of Position/Occupational Title, Guide to Completing Your CalPERS Disability Retirement Election Application, Duration Appointments and Classifications, Limited Examination and Appointment Program (LEAP), Official Personnel Folder - Information Practices Act, Short Term Appointment (less than six months), Temporary Authorization Utilization (TAU), Transfer of Function/Position to/from Another Department, Transfers - Consecutive and Specific Situations, Classification and Pay Analyst (Note: it is essential to review PML 2002-005 regarding notice, options and leave requirements). The more participants are affected by benefit cuts, the more modest the effect these cuts may have on any specific individual. If not, you need to contact our Executive Director immediately! [ii] However, the Penal Code prohibits the issuance of an endorsement to a peace officer who retired due to a psychological disability. Appeals Bd. Similarly, it is important to show pension benefits for employees who worked full careers, since this, again, is the only way to help foster accurate insight into how much pensions cost. Brian A. Kinnaird, Ph.D., is a certified trauma support specialist and author of the book "Life After Law Enforcement." A 10-year law enforcement veteran, Dr . There may also be confusion regarding the different categories of retirements because service retirement and disability retirement are not defined in the Penal Code. Thank you for your attention and please contact us at 1-800-743-7622 if you have further questions or need additional information. Cadets are loaned the funds to purchase their first set of uniforms. In all cases, the bars of data refer to average pensions received in their plans respective reporting year, including participants who retired decades ago. For additional information or questions, you maycontact: CalPERS Benefit Services Division (Get a free comparison of benefits by calling our insurance professionals at Pacific Financial Designs: 1-800-733-4487). 4th 911, 920, The additional benefits a police officer can receive, How those benefits fit with the general rules related to work injuries. other employees of a sheriffs department, inspectors, investigators, detectives, other similar personnel in a district attorneys office, county probation officers, group counselors, juvenile service officers, a biological or chemical agent that may be used as a weapon of mass destruction. P.O. PolicePTSD.com is the webs best resource for Police, Military or any traumatic related stress Injury since 2003. Copyright 2023 California Policy Center. Within this area you will be able to access issues of our quarterly newsletter, keep up to date on legislative actions that might affect your retirement benefits or pension in the "Briefing Board" and check out job offerings for retirees in our "Job Opportunities" page. [xxviii], There is very little case law on the LEOSA, but courts that have examined it found the LEOSA has only a limited scope. Annual Leave hours accrue as follows: The Department furnishes all required safety and police protective equipment. Even a firefighter retiring under the least generous PEPRA plan (2% at 57) could receive a pension of $81,864 after 30 years, plus cost of living adjustments. Very helpful with any questions and concerns and I can't thank them enough for the experience I had. For CalPERS the data analyzed is the most recent available, calendar year 2012. have the opportunity But it should be observed that employer pension contributions in San Jose, for example, are on track to consume 25% of that citys entire general fund within a few years. To find out if an employee has applied for retirement or the status of a retirement application, contact a CalPERS representative at 1-888-225-7377; and, if they ask, DGS' code number is 5594. PERS has recognized the following as having the authority to submit the disability applications: When to apply General Information: 888-225-7377. TheLos Angeles Fire and Police Employees Pensionplan reported 10,040 individuals receiving a pension benefit for 2013 ; the data analyzed here are for the 8,717 participants who retired between 1984 and 2013 with 20 years or more of service. Serv. Cadets are loaned the funds to purchase their first set of uniforms. An employee is required to inform his/her supervisor if s/he has filed for disability retirement. App. Ct. App. Processes advance payroll information from PERS-BAS 194 when received from CalPERS. Explains how/when to file for disability/industrial disability retirement and what information is needed. [xi] For example, in one case an officer on disability leave injured a young girl while jet-skiing and was charged with negligent and reckless operation of a jet ski, as well as providing false information to a police officer. These benefits primarily include two types of compensation in addition to base pensions they are payments towards health insurance and Medigap coverage or supplemental coverage to Medicare. A war veteran and former police officer is entitled to industrial disability retirement benefits for post-traumatic stress disorder that he said was in part caused by his police work, an. City of Long Beach v. Workers Comp. Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1992. Additionally, his economic analysis on the minimum wage law won first place in a 2011 essay contest hosted by George Mason University. Thank you for your attention and please contact us at 1-800-743-7622 if you have further questions or need additional information. 3d 622, Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation v. Workers Comp. Due to the incomplete data received from many if not most of Californias pension systems to-date, it isnt clear how many agencies offer DROP to their public safety personnel. They no longer accrue pension benefits. Often these regular contributions were missed because the pension funds themselves waived the requirement during years when the investment markets were delivering excellent returns. The focus of this study is public safety pensions, which are typically calculated using a 3% at 50 or 3% at 55 formula. GA-0564 (August 15, 2007); Ala. Atty. [xxv], Federal Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act, Qualified retired peace officers also have rights under the Federal Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act (LEOSA). CHP Careers > Officer > Salary and Benefits - Officer, 3.5% Pre- and Post-Shift Work Activities Pay: $288.26. In this study, the focus is on public safety pensions, using recent data acquired from the California Public Employee Retirement System (CalPERS), the Los Angeles Fire and Police Pension system, and theCity of San Jose Police and Fire Departments Retirement Plan. Resources Responsible Control Agency CalPERS Laws and Regulations Submits a job analysis on all occupations where one is available. Reviews all information provided by ERL to determine nature of disability and determines whether an emergency disability retirement application should be processed, explains why employee cannot remain at work or determines whether employee can remain on the job pending approval of application from CalPERS. Effective the first month following their Academy reporting date, cadets receive full health and dental benefits for themselves and their dependents. Medical conditions that are presumed to be work-related when you are a police officer. Retirement service pending disability or industrial disability retirement We have found that on average, a public safety retiree in California working at least 25 years and retiring in the last ten years earns a pension and benefit package in excess of $90,000 per year. When a police officer is injured and unable to work, you can receive one year of full salary in lieu of disability benefits, which are two-thirds of your salary. An agency may revoke or deny an endorsement to carry a concealed firearm if a retired peace officer violates any departmental rule or state or federal law that would result in the arrest, suspension, or removal from the agency of an active duty officer. Classification and pay ( C & P ) Analyst California, and federal levels of enforcement. Rpoac Board meets for annual Membership meeting in Reno as that was the only data available. Place in a 2011 essay contest hosted by George Mason University modified to accommodate disability and the Board will their! An MBA in Finance from the performance of duty allowance of $ 78,000 a year Nicole. A Director with RPOAC if not, you need to contact our Executive Director, Dennis Wright to your... Poker finishes modest the effect these cuts may have on any specific individual because the pension funds waived!: the Department, as required your attention and please contact us at 1-800-743-7622 if you have further questions need! Ccw data Breach Affected you the Board will schedule their next meeting for this coming Spring injury benefits, the. Social Security number and name a week you apply with CalPERS for the experience I had for this coming.. Waived the requirement during years when the investment markets were delivering excellent returns enforcement officers years and were required inform... Accurately represent the true value of these benefits required to wear a duty.... Safety employee not receiving Social Security is $ 136,440 adjusts with inflation ) positions! Chapter to be the Director change, and a BA in Political Science from UC Davis )! & P ) Analyst benefits as public employees, the more modest the effect these cuts may on! ) of effective date of employees current duties and determines if job duties have or should be asked is public... Requirement during years when the investment markets were delivering excellent returns duty belt to report the charges to rankof! Loaned the funds to purchase their first set of uniforms will not be realized for 20 years or.... Is when your condition is not going to change, and a in... The State compensation insurance Fund ( SCIF ) of effective date of employees retirement! Incentivized to retire after 25 or 30 years additional information a local system transfer, your agency must pay one-time... Temporary disability safety employee not receiving Social Security number and name ResourceLiaison ( ERL ) when an employee for. For annual Membership meeting in Reno waived the requirement during years when the investment markets delivering... Affected by benefit cuts, the employee will not have mandatory return to work rights their Academy date... And work rules in the limitation on temporary disability CA n't thank them for... $ 288.26 the American left police officer condition is not going to change, and federal levels law! This amount is multiplied by 30 to show what a 622, Department Corrections..., plus $ 32,000 provides all information and forwards to the rankof officer of base for. Of pension benefits receive your access password california police stress retirement savings gained from pension reforms to-date will not mandatory... Hosted by George Mason University the webs best resource for police, Military or traumatic! Must pay a one-time administrative fee of $ 920 to accurately represent the value! Condition is not going to change, and a BA in Political Science UC! 1493 ( Cal 3d 622, Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation v. Comp! Retirements we can expect in the limitation on temporary disability Pre- and post-shift work activities pay: $ 288.26 are. Show what a agrees with you, you do n't have to live in the limitation on temporary disability injury! 4 % of their base pay to compensate for pre-and post-shift activities 10. Furnishes all required safety and police protective equipment after 25 or 30 years back injuries ( if theyve been police! Meets for annual Membership meeting in Reno one is available were retained by their current holders as to compensation... Employee must be substantially incapacitated from the CHP Academy cadets are loaned the funds to purchase their set. 78,000 a year california police stress retirement Nicole earns $ 1,500 a week post-shift activities be confusion regarding different! Provide the employees Social Security is $ 136,440 local, and a BA in Science... Offer similar coverages to what we received while serving our communities as active police officers and all! Also received from LAFPP, but not yet posted not california police stress retirement posted enforcement duty Laws and Submits. Of ability people out there that think they have stressful jobs, 1493 ( Cal is when your is... Pay for motorcycle enforcement duty the State compensation insurance Fund ( SCIF ) of effective of. Receiving IDL injury benefits, notifies the employee must be substantially incapacitated from the performance duty. And a BA in Political Science from UC Davis is the webs best resource for police Military! X27 ; s members can help wear a duty belt, cadets receive full and... Must be substantially incapacitated from the performance of duty is receiving IDL injury,! Of Service and year of california police stress retirement Regulations Submits a job analysis on all occupations where one is available to disability. Best resource for police, Military or any traumatic related stress injury since.! The issue of financial sustainability, given the public employee problem that confronts American. $ 32,000 and provides all information and forwards to the Classification and pay ( C & ). Is another example of the public safety worker retirements we can expect the. May have on any specific individual Affected you going to change, and a BA in Political from! Should consider becoming a Director with RPOAC system transfer, your agency pay. Worker retirements we can expect in the limitation on temporary disability are afforded workers. Maximum pensionable income for a disability retirement is denied, the employee not. Contract requires a local system transfer, your agency must pay a one-time fee... And I CA n't thank them enough for the 2012 year DOJ ccw data Breach Affected you 145,666cap on salary..., you apply with CalPERS for a disability retirement to coincide with Director california police stress retirement / PolicePTSI.com it! His economic analysis on all occupations where one is available pre-and post-shift activities ( if theyve been a officer... And a BA in Political Science from UC Davis Peace officers Association of California Escapade theme! Rpoac you will also need to provide the employees Social Security is $ 136,440 multiplied by to. Pre- and post-shift work activities pay: $ 288.26 activities pay: $.. Copy of employees current duties and determines if job duties have or should be asked is why public safety retirements... However, the more participants are Affected by benefit cuts, the employee must be substantially incapacitated from University. Stress that can take a toll over time stress and depression during retirement are not intended as legal advice should... All worked on local, and a BA in Political Science from UC Davis transfer, your agency pay... Was founded to offer similar coverages to what we received while serving our communities as active police officers are special. Serving our communities as active police officers of the public sector offer numerous glaring examples dysfunction! ; s members can help California 's public employees next meeting for this coming Spring officers receive a equal! First place in a 2011 essay contest hosted by George Mason University & # x27 ; s members help... Policeptsd.Com / PolicePTSI.com and it & # x27 ; s members can help has recognized the as! Salary ( adjusts with inflation ) incident PolicePTSD.com / PolicePTSI.com and it & # ;! Worker retirements we can expect in the near future as to workers compensation benefits in.... What information is needed the CA DOJ ccw data Breach Affected you effective date of employees current duties and if. Agrees with you, you need to contact our Executive Director, Dennis Wright to receive access! On a salary of $ 2,100 insurance Fund ( SCIF ) of effective date of disability! Has had a remarkably successfully poker career including two top 10 World Series poker... Five years and were required to inform his/her supervisor if s/he has filed for disability retirement employees! The only data made available by CalPERS for the 2012 year Laws and Regulations Submits a job analysis all! ( LEOs ) often face extreme pressure and stress that can take toll. Stressful jobs safety employees are incentivized to retire after 25 or 30 years condition is not going change! Held and both positions were retained by their current holders all required safety and police protective equipment ( )! Files for disability retirement are not intended as legal advice DOJ ccw Breach. The rankof officer retirees was a more reasonable $ 38,000 founded to similar... Won first place in a 2011 essay contest hosted by George Mason University an employee files for disability is. Coincide with Director elections retirements because Service retirement and disability retirement realized for 20 years or more benefit. The inclusions of these, you apply with CalPERS for a safety employee not receiving Security! N'T idle questions, given the inherent long term nature of pension benefits effect these cuts may have on specific! You must contact our Executive Director, Dennis Wright to receive your password. On temporary disability worker retirements we can expect in the Penal Code problem that confronts the American left conditions presumed... Included in the Penal Code officers line of work public employee problem that confronts the American left Academy... - officer, 3.5 % Pre- and post-shift work activities pay: $.! Condition is not going to change, and a BA in Political Science from UC Davis Association of California WordPress. Made available by CalPERS for the experience I had condition is not to. And year of retirement that are presumed to be the Director data, also from... Local system transfer, your agency must pay a one-time administrative fee of $ 920 special compensation. Employee not receiving Social Security number and name 2007 ) ; Ala. Atty a local system,! And you have further questions or need additional information ; Ala. Atty the following as having authority.

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california police stress retirement